Abstract

Conclusion. The study recommends conducting more research on the use of cheating in online learning programs in higher education institutions. 

Keywords: Cheating, online learning, perception, higher education, undergraduate students.

Adzima, K. (2020). Examining online cheating in higher education using traditional classroom cheating  as a guide. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 18(6), pp476-493.

ABC Online (2016). Thai university students are caught using spy cameras and smartwatches to cheat on medicine exams. Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-10/thai-medical-students-caught-in-high-tech-plot-to-cheat-on-exam/7399728.

Ahmadi, A. (2012). Cheating on exams in the Iranian EFL context. Journal of Academic Ethics, 10(2), 151–170.

Akbulut, Y., S¸endag, S., Birinci, G., Kılıçer, K., S¸ahin, M. C., and Odabas¸, H. F. (2008). Exploring the Types and Reasons of Internet-Triggered Academic Dishonesty Among Turkish Undergraduate Students: Development of Internet-Triggered Academic Dishonesty Scale (ITADS). Comput. Edu. 51(1), 463–473.

Alotaibi, S. R. (2021). A Novel Framework of Success Using E-Assessment During the Corona       Pandemic. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(12).

Alessio, H. M., Malay, N., Maurer, K., Bailer, A. J., & Rubin, B. (2018). Interaction of proctoring and  student major on online test performance. International Review of Research in Open and  Distributed Learning, 19(5).

Amigud, A., & Lancaster, T. (2019). 246 reasons to cheat: An analysis of students’ reasons for seeking to outsource academic work. Computers and Education, 134, 98–107.

Baran, L., & Jonason, P. K. (2022). Contract cheating and the dark triad traits. In Contract Cheating in    Higher Education: Global Perspectives on Theory, Practice, and Policy (pp. 123-137). Cham:         Springer International Publishing.

Becker, D. A. & Ulstad, I. (2007). Gender Differences in Student Ethics: Are Females Really More Ethical? Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification, 1 (1), 77-91.

Clark, A., Jit, M., Warren-Gash, C., Guthrie, B., Wang, H. H., Mercer, S. W., ... & Jarvis, C. I. (2020). Global,  regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to  underlying health conditions in 2020: a modelling study. The Lancet Global Health, 8(8), e1003-e1017

Crawford J, Butler-Henderson K, Rudolph J, Malkawi B, Glowatz M, Burton R, Magni PA, Lam S   (2020). COVID-19: 20 countries’ higher education intra-period digital pedagogy responses. J          Appl Learn Teach 3(1):9–28. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.202, 0.3.1.7.

Bilen, E., & Matros, A. (2021). Online cheating amid COVID-19. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 182, 196-211.

Bretag, T., Harper, R., Rundle, K., McKenzie, J., Mahmud, S., & Walker, R. (2019). Contract cheating       and assessment design: Exploring the relationship. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 44(5), 676-691. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2018.1527892

Dawson, P. (2016). Five ways to hack and cheat with bring‐your‐own‐device electronic examinations.    British Journal of Educational Technology 47 (4):592-600

Dawson, P. (2021). Defending assessment security in a digital world: Preventing e-cheating and supporting academic integrity in higher education. Routledge.    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429324178

Day, N. E., Hudson, D., Dobies, P. R., & Waris, R. (2011). Student or situation? Personality and    classroom context as predictors of attitudes about business school cheating. Social Psychology          of Education, 14, 261–282.

Dineen, K., & Goff, L. (2024). There are two sides to the same coin: a taxonomy of academic integrity and  impropriety using intellectual virtues and vices. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education,   1-13.

Diego, L. A. B. (2017). Friends with Benefits: Causes and Effects of Learners' Cheating Practices  during Examination. IAFOR Journal of Education, 5(2), 121-138.

Dumford, A.D., and Miller, A.L. (2018). Online learning in higher education: exploring.

Elsalem, L., Al-Azzam, N., Jum'ah, A. A., & Obeidat, N. (2021). Remote E-exams during the Covid-19  pandemic: A cross-sectional study of students’ preferences and academic dishonesty in faculties of medical sciences. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 62, 326-333.

Eaton, S. E. (2020). Academic integrity during COVID-19: Reflections from the University of Calgary.   International Studies in Educational Administration, 48(1), 80–85.   https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3711455

Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods. Biostatistics & Epidemiology, 2(1), 1-17.   https://doi.org/10.1080/24709360.2017.1349116

Finchilescu, G., & Cooper, A. (2018). Perceptions of academic dishonesty in a South African        university: A Q-methodology approach. Ethics & Behavior, 28(4), 284–301.

Fontaine, G. (2020). The contribution of policy design to realist evaluation. Evaluation, 26(3), 296–314.

Gamage, K. A., Silva, E. K. D., & Gunawardhana, N. (2020). Online delivery and assessment during          COVID-19: Safeguarding academic integrity. Education Sciences, 10(11), 301.

Hearn Moore, P., Head, J. D., & Griffin, R. B. (2017). Impeding students’ efforts to cheat in online  classes. Journal of Learning in Higher Education, 13(1), 9–23.         https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1139692

Henning, M. A., Krägeloh, C. U., Hawken, S. J., Zhao, Y., Doherty, I., & Shulruf, B. (2018). The relevance of academic motivation, self-efficacy, and socio-cultural factors in predicting academic dishonesty among medical students. Perspectives on Medical Education, 7(4), 197-204.   https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-018-0421-4

Holden, O., Kuhlmeier, V. A., & Norris, M. (2021). Academic integrity in online testing: a research review. Frontiers in Education, 6(1), 1-13.

Hosseini, M. M., Egodawatte, G., & Ruzgar, N. S. (2021). Online assessment in a business department    during COVID-19: Challenges and practices. The International Journal of Management      Education, 19(3), 100556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100556

Indira, D., & Sakshi, A. (2017). Online learning. International Education & Research Journal, 3(8), 32–     34.

Jones, D. L. (2011). Academic dishonesty: Are more students cheating?. Business communication  quarterly, 74(2), 141–150.

Jurdi, R., Hage, H. S., & Chow, H. P. (2012). What behaviors do students consider academically dishonest? Findings from a survey of Canadian undergraduate students. Social Psychology of Education, 15(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-011-9166-y

Kayışoğlu, N. B., & Temel, C. (2017). An examination of attitudes towards cheating in exams by physical, education, and sports high school students. Universal Journal of Educational          Research, 5(8), 1396–1402.

Karim, N., Campbell, M., & Sharma, U. (2022). The role of test anxiety, self-efficacy, and resilience in academic dishonesty among university students. Journal of Academic Ethics, 20(2), 157-177.   https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-021-09396-5

King, C. G., Guyette Jr, R. W., & Piotrowski, C. (2009). Online exams and cheating: An empirical  analysis of business students' views. Journal of Educators Online, 6(1), n1.

Kraglund-Gauthier, W. L., & Young, D. C. (2012). Will the Real “John Doe” Stand up? Verifying the  Identity of Online Students. In Misbehavior online in higher education (Vol. 5, pp. 355-377).  Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Krou, M. R., Fong, C. J., & Hoff, M. A. (2021). Achievement motivation and academic dishonesty: A meta-analytic investigation. Educational Psychology Review, 33(4), 1913-1937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09614-5

Lancaster, T., & Cotarlan, C. (2021). Contract cheating by STEM students through a file sharing website: A Covid-19 pandemic perspective. International Journal for Educational Integrity,    17(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-021-00070-0

Lee-Post, A., & Hapke, H. (2017). Online learning integrity approaches: Current practices and future   solutions. Online Learning, 21(1), 135–145

Lento, C., Sayed, N., & Bujaki, M. (2018). Sex role socialization and perceptions of student academic dishonesty by male and female accounting faculty. Accounting Education, 27(1), 1–26.

Ma, Y., McCabe, D. L., & Liu, R. (2021). Academic dishonesty in online learning: The roles of self-regulation, motivation, and contextual factors. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 33(2), 318–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-021-09267-9

McGee, P. (2013). Supporting academic honesty in online courses. Journal of Educators Online, 10(1), 1–31.

Mensah, C., Azila-Gbettor, E. M., & Appietu, M. E. (2016). Examination cheating attitudes and intentions of students in a Ghanaian polytechnic. Journal of Travel in Teaching & Tourism, 16(1), 1–19.

Makridis, O., & Englander, F. (2021). Normative revisionism about student cheating. Journal of Academic Ethics, 19, 1-23.

Miranda, S., & Carla Freire. (2011). “Academic Dishonesty: Understanding How Undergraduate Students Think and Act.” In Proceedings of the 15th ISATT 2011 - Back to the Future:            Legacies, Continuities and Changes in Educational Policy, Practice and Research, Universidade     Do Minho, Braga.

Ma, Y., McCabe, D. L., & Liu, R. (2013). Students’ academic cheating in Chinese universities:       Prevalence, influencing factors, and proposed action. Journal of Academic ethics, 11(3), 169–184.

Naidu, K., & Sevnarayan, K. (2023). ChatGPT: An ever-increasing encroachment of artificial intelligence in online assessment in distance education. Online Journal of Communication and    Media Technologies, 13(1), e202336.

Noorbehbahani, F., Mohammadi, A., & Aminazadeh, M. (2022). A systematic review of research on cheating in online exams from 2010 to 2021. Education and Information Technologies, 27(6), 8413-8460.

Parks, R. F., Lowry, P. B., Wigand, R. T., Agarwal, N., & Williams, T. L. (2018). Why students engage in cyber-cheating through a collective movement: A case of deviance and collusion. Computers and Education, 125, 308–326

Peled, Y., Eshet, Y., Barczyk, C., & Grinautski, K. (2019). Predictors of academic dishonesty among  undergraduate students in online and face-to-face courses. Computers & Education, 131,          49-  59.

Pulfrey, C. J., Vansteenkiste, M., & Michou, A. (2019). Under pressure to achieve? The impact of type    and style of task instructions on student cheating. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1624.

Raines, D. A., Ricci, P., Brown, S. L., Eggenberger, T., Hindle, T., & Schiff, M. (2011). Cheating in online  courses: The student definition. The Journal of Effective Teaching, 11(1), 80–89.

Salehi, M., & Gholampour, S. (2021). Cheating on exams: Investigating reasons, attitudes, and the role of demographic variables. Sage Open, 11(2), 1–9.

Saleh, A. M., & Meccawy, Z. (2021). EFL Female Students' Perceptions towards Cheating in Distance  Learning Programmes. English Language Teaching, 14(1), 29–36.

Sadeghi, R. (2019). The attitude of scholars has not changed towards plagiarism since the medieval period:  Definition of plagiarism according to Shams-e-Qays, thirteenth-century Persian literary  scientist. Research Ethics, 15(2), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747016116654065

Schuhmann, P. W., Burrus, R. T., Barber, P. D., Graham, J. E., & Elikai, M. F. (2013). Using the      scenario method to analyze cheating behaviors. Journal of Academic Ethics, 11, 17-33.

Tatum, H., & Schwartz, B. M. (2017). Honor codes: Evidence-based strategies for improving academic  integrity. Theory Into Practice, 56(2), 129-135.

Teixeira, A. A. C., & Rocha, M. F. (2010). Cheating by economics and business undergraduate students: An exploratory international assessment. Higher Education, 59(6), 663-701.   https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-009-9274-1

Tindall, I. K., & Curtis, G. J. (2020). Negative emotionality predicts attitudes toward          plagiarism. Journal of Academic Ethics, 18(1), 89–102.

Turnbull, D., Chugh, R., & Luck, J. (2021). Transitioning to E-Learning during the COVID-19          pandemic: How have Higher Education Institutions responded to the challenge?. Education    and      Information Technologies, 26(5), 6401–6419.

Valızadeh, M. (2022). Cheating in online learning programs: Learners’ perceptions and solutions. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 23(1), 195–209

Watson, G., and Sottile, J., (2010). Cheating in the digital age: Do students cheat more in online courses? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 13(1), pp.1-13

Woldeab, D., Yawson, R. M., & Osafo, E. (2020, June 1). A Systematic Meta-Analytic Review of   Thinking beyond the Comparison of Online Versus Traditional Learning. e-Journal of Business         Education & Scholarship of Teaching, 14(1), 1–24.

Yang, T., Wang, Y., Deng, J., & Huang, C. (2021). Attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral          control influence graduate students' academic integrity-related behavioral intentions.      Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 49(4), 1-12.

Zhao, L., Mao, H., Compton, B. J., Peng, J., Fu, G., Fang, F., ... & Lee, K. (2022). Academic dishonesty       and its relations to peer cheating and culture: A meta-analysis of the perceived peer cheating      effect. Educational Research Review, 36, 100455.