Abstract

Conclusion.  These findings demonstrate a notable difference between the two groups and demonstrate that students' critical thinking skills are improved with the use of AR-assisted PjBL. Consistent with other findings, this study confirms that PjBL and AR effectively boost students' motivation, engagement, and critical thinking skills.

Keywords: Project-based learning (PjBL), augmented reality, critical thinking skills, elementary school

Abilova, Z., Kaldybayeva, A., & Zhansugurova, K. (2024). PROJECT-BASED LEARNING AS A CATALYST FOR DEVELOPING REFLECTIVE THINKING IN STUDENTS. Бюллетень Науки и Практики, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/103/77

Anam, R. S., Gumilar, S., & Handayani, M. (2023). The effects of teaching with real, virtual, and real-virtual experimentation modes on conceptual knowledge and science process skills among sixth-grade primary school students: a case study on concepts of electricity. Education 3-13, 53(3), 393–407.

Anam, R. S., Widodo, A., & Sopandi, W. (2019). Teachers, pre-service teachers, and students understanding about the heat conduction. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1157(2), 022012.

Andini, S., & Rusmini, R. (2022). Project-based learning model to promote students critical and creative thinking skills. Jurnal Pijar Mipa, 17(4), 525–532.

Arshad, M. H., Sulaiman, Y., & Yusr, M. M. (2024). Influence of innovation on the relationship between market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation, and SME performance in Pakistan. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 6(5), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024052

Azuma, R. T. (1997). A Survey of Augmented Reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environment, 6(4).

Barone, Maria, A., Emanuela, & Stagno. (2023). Augmented Reality. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48792-7_6

Becerra-Posada, T., García-Montes, P., Sagre-Barbosa, A., Carcamo-Espitia, M. I., & Herazo-Rivera, J. D. (2022). Project-based Learning: The Promotion of Communicative Competence and Self-confidence at a State High School in Colombia. HOW, 29(2).

Bilad, M. R., Zubaidah, S., & Prayogi, S. (2024). Addressing the PISA 2022 Results: A Call for Reinvigorating Indonesia’s Education System. International Journal of Essential Competencies In Education, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.36312/ijece.v3i1.1935

Bıldırcın, M. (2024). Eğitim Yönetiminde Eleştirel Düşünmeyi Değerlendirme Yöntemlerinin İncelenmesi. Sosyal Araştırmalar ve Davranış Bilimleri Dergisi, 3. https://doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.10.22.18

Brookhart, S. M. (2017). How to give effective feedback to your students. ASCD.

Bruner, J. (1966). LEARNING ABOUT LEARNING, A CONFERENCE REPORT.

Ceolin, S. R., Figueiredo, H., Santos, O. M. dos, & Leg, A. P. (2023). Augmented reality with tracking based on linear equation. Concilium, 23(18). https://doi.org/10.53660/clm-1898-23n01

Chaudhari, M. Y. (2024). Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Religion. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197549803.013.28

Chukwuere, J. E. (2024). Critical Research Thinking: A Recipe for Academic Writing Success and Publications.

Chusni, M. M., Saputro, S., & Rahardjo, S. B. (2021). Student’s Critical Thinking Skills through Discovery Learning Model Using E-Learning on Environmental Change Subject Matter. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(3), 1123–1135.

Cusipag, M. N., Oluyinka, S., Bernabe, M. T. N., & Bognot, F. L. (2024). Perceptions toward achieving work-life balance and job satisfaction in online teaching. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.31893/MULTISCIENCE.2024012

Dayantri, M. N., & Nasution, M. I. P. (2024). Membangun Fondasi Bangsa yang Cerdas Melalui Gerakan Literasi Nasional. El-Mujtama, 4(4).

Dewey. (1986). Experience and Education.

Dita, P. P. S., Utomo, S., & Sekar, D. A. (2021). Implementation of problem based learning (PBL) on interactive learning media. Journal of Technology and Humanities, 2(2), 24–30.

Ennis, R. H. (1987). A taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abilities. In J. B. Baron & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), Teaching thinking skills: Theory and practice (W. H. Freeman (ed.)).

Facione, P. (2019). Top 10 critical thinking FAQs. Insight Assessment.

Fadriati, F., Muchlis, L., & Asroa, I. (2023). Model Pembelajaran PAI dengan Project Based Learning Berbasis ICT untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berfikir Kritis Siswa SMA. Islamika, 5(1).

Fathussyakir, M. (2018). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek untuk Meningkatkan Aktivitas dan Prestasi Belajar Penerapan Rangkaian Elektronika Siswa Kelas XI TAV 1 SMKN 2 Kota Bima Pokok Bahasan Merencanakan Rangkaian Filter Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Pendidikan, 2(1).

Fitriyani, L. O., Koderi, K., & Anggraini, W. (2018). Project based Learning: Pengaruhnya terhadap keterampilan proses sains peserta didik di Tanggamus. Indonesian Journal of Science And Mathematics Education, 1(3).

Fristadi, R., & Bharata, H. (2015). Meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa dengan problem based learning. In Seminar Nasional Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika UNY. 2015.

Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. (1981). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application (C. E (ed.)). Merill Publishing Company.

Ghozali, I. (2016). Aplikasi analisis multivariete dengan program IBM SPSS 23. Univ. Diponegoro Press.

Hamdalia Herzon, H., Budijanto, & Hari Utomo, D. (2017). Pengaruh Problem-Based Learning (PBL) terhadap Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis. Jurnal Pendidikan : Teori, Penelitian Dan Pengembangan, 3(1), 42–46. http://journal.um.ac.id/index.php/jptpp/

Harpe, S. E. (2015). How to analyze Likert and other rating scale data. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 7(6), 836–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2015.08.001

Hilmi, I., & Kismiantini. (2024). Teacher Competencies, The Shortage of School Resources and Mathematics Achievement Based on PISA 2018 Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.v18i2.pp245-258

Huang, C. H. (2021). Using PLS-SEM model to explore the influencing factors of learning satisfaction in blended learning. Education Sciences, 11(5), 249. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11050249

Humairah, H. (2021). A Phenomenological Study on Students’ Questioning Strategies in Micro-Teaching Videos. UIN Ar-Raniry.

Itsnaini, N., Purwanto, P., & Ujianto, A. D. (2024). Classroom Innovation: A Study on the SPBL Model’s Role in Fostering Creative Thinking among Humanities Students Nurul. Future Space Studies in Geo-Education, 1(1).

Jindal, A. (2024). Augmented Reality Applications in Mechanical System Design and Prototyping. Darpan International Research Analysis, 12(3).

Kemendikbud. (2017). Panduan Penilaian oleh Pendidik dan Satuan Pendidikan.

Kennedy, M., Fisher, M. B., & Ennis, R. H. (1991). Critical thinking: Literature review and needed research. Educational values and cognitive instruction: Implications for reform. 2.

Khasanah, V. A., & Muthali’in, A. (2023). Penguatan dimensi bernalar kritis melalui kegiatan proyek dalam kurikulum merdeka. Jurnal Dimensi Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 11(2).

Kunfeng, Z. (2024). Project -based Learning and Students’ Performance. Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management. https://doi.org/10.54097/3cpp0337

Lidiawati, K. R., & Aurelia, T. (2023). Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa di Indonesia: Rendah atau Tinggi? Buletin KPIN.

Marcia, L., & Nation. (2008). Project-Based Learning for Sustainable Development. Journal of Geography, 17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221340802470685

Mızrak, F., & Çaylan, Ş. (2024). Critical Reflections: A Qualitative Study on the Development and Impact of Critical Thinking Skills Across Industries. Uluslararası Ekonomi, Işletme ve Politika Dergisi, 8(2).

Mulyasa, E., Iskandar, D., & Aryani, W. D. (2016). Revolusi dan Inovasi Pembelajaran. In N. N. Muliawati (Ed.), PT Remaja Rosdakarya (1 st).

Mustaqim, I. (2016). PEMANFAATAN AUGMENTED REALITY SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Dan Kejuruan, 13(2).

Mustika, J., Ayu, A., & Amri, U. (2022). FRISCO Criteria: Analysis of Student’s Mathematic Critical Thinking Ability on HOTS Test. International Conference on Language, Linguistics, Literature and Education (ICLLLE).

Nayak, A., Satpathy, I., & Jain, V. (2024). The Project-Based Learning Approach (PBL): Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3041-8.ch010

Novitasari, & Fauziddin, M. (2022). Analisis Literasi Digital Tenaga Pendidik pada Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(4).

Omkar, M. (2022). Augmented Reality. International Journal For Science Technology And Engineering, 9. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47902

Paul, R. W., & Elder, L. (2006). Critical Thinking: The Nature of Critical and Creative Thought. Journal of Developmental Education, 30(2).

Pazildzhanova, R. T. (2024). Project-based learning as an innovative approach to developing practical skills and professional competences in students of technical universities. International Journal of Pedagogics. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijp/volume04issue10-24

Piekarski, W., & Thomas, B. H. (2002). The tinmith system - Demonstrating new techniques for mobile augmented reality modelling. Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology, 34(2).

Ranbir. (2024). Promoting Critical Thinking Skills in the Classroom. Universal Research Reports, 7. https://doi.org/10.36676/urr.v11.i2.1276

Santoso, S. (2018). Mahir statistik multivariat dengan SPSS. Elex Media Komputindo.

Sapriati, A., Rahayu, U., Sausan, I., & Sekarwinahyu, M. (2024). The Impact of Inquiry-Based Learning on Students’ Critical Thinking in Biology Education Programs within Open and Distance Learning Systems. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 13(3), 367–376.

Sarkar, S., Adhish, S., Adarsh, V., & Divakar, K. (2022). Exploration and Aspects on Augmented Reality. 10. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPECTS56089.2022.10047434

Savchuk, O., & Yehorova, I. (2024). Critical Thinking as a Pedagogical Category: A Comparative Aspect. Problemi Osvìti, 1(100). https://doi.org/10.52256/2710-3986.1-100.2024.21

Shonima, P., & Sowmya, K, S. (2024). Augmented Reality: Transforming Learning Landscapes in Education. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0124.0213

Siswanto, D. H., & Andriyani, A. (2025). Examining Students’ Critical Thinking Skills in Addressing Contextual Matrix Problems Within the Tourism Travel Planning Context. Al Khawarizmi: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Matematika, 8(2), 88–98.

Sousa, R. R. A. de. (2024). Pedagogy and Andragogy: project-based education to promote active and meaningful learning. Revista Interseção, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.48178/intersecao.v6i1.485

Spring, J. (2019). American education. Routledge.

Sugiyono. (2021). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.

Sumarni, W. (2015). The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Implementation of Project Based Learning: A Review. In the International Journal of Science and Research, 4.

Usmadi, U. (2020). Pengujian persyaratan analisis (Uji homogenitas dan uji normalitas). Inovasi Pendidikan, 7(1).

Vanisri, K., & Padhy, P. C. (2024). An empirical study on impact of employee green behaviour on employee well-being with mediating role of self-esteem in higher educational institutions using PLS SEM. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024032

Vincent-Lancrin, S. (2024). Critical thinking. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035317967.ch2

Wahyu, R. (2016). Implementasi Model Project Based Learning (PJBL) Ditinjau dari Penerapan Kurikulum 2013. Teknoscienza, 1(1).

Wang, X. (2024). Use of proper sampling techniques to research studies. Applied and Computational Engineering, 57, 141–145.

Wati, E. S., Rahmah, M., & Nurlaela, S. (2023). Upaya peningkatan hasil belajar dengan menerapkan model Project Based Learning melalui media Augmented Reality. Nautical : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 2.

Wijaya, T. T., Hidayat, W., Hermita, N., & Alim, J. A. (2024). Exploring contributing factors to PISA 2022 mathematics achievement: Insights from Indonesian teachers. Infinity Journal, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v13i1.p139-156

Zhou, J., Li, K., Luo, X., Zeng, Q., Jiaerken, Y., Wang, S., Xu, X., Liu, X., Li, Z., Zhang, T., Fu, Y., Zhao, S., Huang, P., & Zhang, M. (2021). Distinct impaired patterns of intrinsic functional network centrality in patients with early-and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 15, 2661–2670.