Abstract

Keywords: Academic grit, emotional regulation, high-achieving, university students

Agustina, N. A., & Widyastuti, W. (2023). Relationship between Emotion Regulation and Grit in High School Athlete Students: Hubungan antara Regulasi Emosi dengan Grit pada Siswa Atlet di Sekolah Menengah Atas. Indonesian Journal of Innovation Studies, 21, 10.21070/ijins.v21i.811. https://doi.org/10.21070/ijins.v21i.811

Alhadabi, A., & Karpinski, A. (2020). Grit, self-efficacy, achievement orientation goals, and academic performance in university students. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1679202 

Ali, J., & Rahaman, A. (2012). A comparative study of grit between male and female fencers of manipur. Shield, Research Journal of Physical Education & Sports Science, 7, 32–36.

Allen, R. E., Kannangara, C., & Carson, J. (2021). True grit: How important is the concept of grit for education? A narrative literature review. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 10(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2021.4578 

ALmegewly, W. H., Rawdhan, A., Saleh, M., Alrimal, M., Alasmari, R., Alhamad, S., Almuqri, R., Aljebreen, M., Alsubaie, H., & Farghaly Abdelaliem, S. M. (2022). Correlation between emotional intelligence and academic achievement among undergraduate nursing students. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 17, 100491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2022.100491 

Al-Shehri, S. (2024). Mindfulness and its relationship to emotional regulation among King Saud University students.  Arab Studies in Education and Psychology, Association of Arab Educators, 152(1), 373-424. https://doi.org/10.21608/saep.2024.393947

Annisa, D., Sutrisno, H., & Laksono, E. W. (2024). Factors underlying student academic grit: Development and validation of the scale. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 10(3), 577–594. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.3418 

Anto, I., Sebastian, A., Anil, A., & Mathews, K. (2023). The relationship between grit, emotional intelligence and decision making among emerging adults. International Journal of Engineering Technology and Management Sciences, 7(4), 580–586. https://doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i04.079

APA. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. The American Psychologist, 65, 493. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020168

Bazelais, P., Lemay, D., & Doleck, T. (2016). How does grit impact college students’ academic achievement in science? European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 4(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.30935/scimath/9451

Caporale-Berkowitz, N. A., Boyer, B. P., Muenks, K., & Brownson, C. B. (2022). Resilience, not grit, predicts college student retention following academic probation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(7), 1654–1669. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000721 

Ceschi, A., Sartori, R., Dickert, S., & Costantini, A. (2016). Grit or honesty-humility? new insights into the moderating role of personality between the health impairment process and counterproductive work behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01799 

Chaudhary, A. A., Ali, N. Z., Maqsood, N., Nasarullah, A., & Calimlim, R. J. F. (2024). The Influence of Emotional Intelligence in Educational Leadership and School Climate. Journal of Education and Social Studies, 5(2), 453–461. https://doi.org/10.52223/jess.2024.5225

Chen, X., Huang, Z., & Lin, W. (2022). The effect of emotion regulation on happiness and resilience of University Students: The chain mediating role of learning motivation and target positioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1029655 

Clark, K. N., Dorio, N. B., Eldridge, M. A., Malecki, C. K., & Demaray, M. K. (2019). Adolescent academic achievement: A model of social support and grit. Psychology in the Schools, 57(2), 204–221. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22318 

Clark, K., & Malecki, C. (2019). Academic grit scale: Psychometric properties and associations with achievement and life satisfaction. Journal of School Psychology, 72, 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2018.12.001 

Credé, M., Tynan, M. C., & Harms, P. D. (2017). Much ado about grit: A meta-analytic synthesis of the grit literature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(3), 492–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000102

Cross, T. L. (2010). On the Social and Emotional Lives of Gifted Children (4th ed.). Prufrock Press, Inc.

Datu, J. A. D., King, R. B., Valdez, J. P. M., & Eala, M. S. M. (2019). Grit is associated with lower depression via meaning in life among Filipino high school students. Youth & Society, 51(6), 865–876. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X18760402  

Datu, J., Yuen, M., & Chen, G. (2017). Development and validation of the Triarchic Model of Grit Scale (TMGS): Evidence from Filipino undergraduate students. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.012 

De Castella, K., Platow, M., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. (2018). Beliefs about emotion: Implications for avoidance-based emotion regulation and psychological health. Cognition and Emotion, 32(4), 773–795. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1353485 

Domes, G., Schulze, L., Böttger, M., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Wirtz, P., Heinrichs, M., & Herpertz, S. (2010). The neural correlates of sex differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. Human Brain Mapping, 31(5), 758–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20903 

Droulers, O., Lacoste‐Badie, S., & Malek, F. (2015). Age‐related differences in emotion regulation within the context of sad and happy TV programs. Psychology & Marketing, 32(8), 795–807. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20819 

Duckworth, A. L. (2016). Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the short grit scale (grit–S). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802634290 

Duckworth, A. L., & Yeager, D. S. (2015). Measurement matters: Assessing personal qualities other than cognitive ability for educational purposes. Educational Researcher, 44(4), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x15584327 

Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M., & Kelly, D. (2007). Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(6), 1087–1101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087

El-Ahmadi, S. E. (2023). Emotion regulation as a predictor of academic buoyancy and optimism among female university students. Journal of Education Al-Azhar University, 42(200), 111-157. https://doi.org/10.21608/jsrep.2023.333524

Filion, J., Schellenberg, B., Holding, A., & Koestner, R. (2020). Passion and grit in the pursuit of long-term personal goals in college students. Learning and Individual Differences, 83–84, 101939. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LINDIF.2020.101939 

Fuentealba-Urra, S., Rubio, A., González-Carrasco, M., Oyanedel, J. C., & Céspedes-Carreno, C. (2023). Mediation effect of emotional self-regulation in the relationship between physical activity and subjective well-being in Chilean adolescents. Scientific Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39843-7 

Gardener, E., Carr, A., MacGregor, A., & Felmingham, K. (2013). Sex differences and emotion regulation: An event-related potential study. PLoS ONE, 8(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073475 

Garnefski, N., Van Den Kommer, T., Kraaij, V., Teerds, J., Legerstee, J., & Onstein, E. (2001). The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional problems: Comparison between a clinical and a non‐clinical sample. European Journal of Personality, 16(5), 403–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.458

Goubet, K., & Chrysikou, E. (2019). Emotion regulation flexibility: Gender differences in context sensitivity and repertoire. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00935

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of Emotion Regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.2.3.271 

Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0048577201393198 

Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed., pp. 3–20). The Guilford Press.

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 

Hassan, S. K. (2024). Academic Grit and its relationship to the need for Cognation and research anxiety among researchers at Al-Azhar University in light of some demographic variables.  Faculty of education journal, Al-Azhar University, 43(202), 191-253. https://doi.org/10.21608/jsrep.2024.357823  

Helal, M. H., & Hassan, E. A. (2025). Research motivation as a mediating variable between system intelligence, academic grit, and academic achievement among postgraduate students, Faculty of Education, Zagazig University. BMC Psychology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02374-z 

Hodge, B., Wright, B., & Bennett, P. (2018). The role of grit in determining engagement and academic outcomes for university students. Research in Higher Education, 59(4), 448–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-017-9474-y 

Horowitz, F. D., Subotnik, R. F., & Matthews, D. J. (2009). Development of giftedness and talent across the life span (1st ed.). American Psychological Association.

Hoseinzadeh, A., & Asbaghi, M. (2020). The Role of strategical Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Self-esteem in the Happiness of Mothers with a Mentally Retarded children.‏ Iranian Journal of Pediatric Nursing (JPEN), 6(7). 6 (4) :11-20 URL: http://jpen.ir/article-1-418-en.html

Hosseini, H. M., Derakhshesh, A., Fathi, J., & Mehraein, S. (2023). Examining the relationships between mindfulness, grit, academic buoyancy and boredom among EFL learners. Social Psychology of Education, 27(3), 1357–1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09860-5 

Isa, A., & Al-Mukhtar, N. (2024). Emotional regulation difficulties among university students. International Journal of Religion, 5(12), 352–363. https://doi.org/10.61707/sb373245 

Jaeger, B., Freeman, S., Whalen, R., & Payne, R. (2010). Successful students: smart or tough? Paper Presented at 2010 Annual Conference and Exposition: Research on the First Year, American Society of Engineering Education, Louisville, KY.

Jaljal, N., & Hindawi, I. (2023). Subjective Vitality and its Relationship to Academic Determination and Research Self-Efficacy among postgraduate students at the Faculty of Education, Kafr Elsheikh University.  Educational Journal of the Faculty of Education, Sohag University, 110(110), 443-493. doi:10.21608/edusohag.2023.305017

Jarwan, F. (1999). Talent, giftedness and Creativity. Al Ain, UAE: University Book House.

Jiang, L., Zhang, S., Li, X., & Luo, F. (2021). How grit influences high school students’ academic performance and the mediation effect of academic self-efficacy and cognitive learning strategies. Current Psychology, 42(1), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01306-x 

Kalia, V., Knauft, K., & Smith, A. (2022). Differential Associations between Strategies of Emotion Regulation and Facets of Grit in College Students and Adults. The Journal of genetic psychology, 183(2), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2021.2013156 

Kamtsios, S., & Karagiannopoulou, E. (2015). Exploring relationships between academic hardiness and academic stressors in university undergraduates. JAEPR, 1(1), 53-73. https://journals.charlotte.edu/jaepr/article/view/317 

Kannangara, C., Allen, R., Waugh, G., Nahar, N., Khan, S., Rogerson, S., & Carson, J. (2018). All that glitters is not grit: Three studies of grit in university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01539 

Karvendhan, A., & Jayakumar, K. (2024). Emotional intelligence, grit, academic performance across first and continuing generation undergraduate engineering students. Emerging Trends in Smart Societies, 81–84. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003489412-19

Kelly, D., Matthews, M., & Bartone, P. (2014). Grit and hardiness as predictors of performance among West Point Cadets. Military Psychology, 26(4), 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000050

Khasawneh, A. H. (2020). Emotional Regulation and its Relationship with Positive Thinking among Yarmouk University Students. Journal of Al-Quds Open University for Educational & Psychological Research & Studies, 11(30), 30-46. https://doi.org/10.33977/1182-011-030-003 

Kuznetsova, E., Liashenko, A., Zhozhikashvili, N., & Arsalidou, M. (2024). Giftedness identification and cognitive, physiological and psychological characteristics of gifted children: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1411981 

Kwon, H., Yoon, K. L., Joormann, J., & Kwon, J.-H. (2013). Cultural and gender differences in emotion regulation: Relation to depression. Cognition & Emotion, 27(5), 769–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.792244  

Lam, K. K., & Zhou, M. (2019). Examining the relationship between grit and academic achievement within K‐12 and Higher Education: A systematic review. Psychology in the Schools, 56(10), 1654–1686. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22302 

Lam, K. K., & Zhou, M. (2022). Grit and academic achievement: A comparative cross-cultural meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(3), 597–621. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000699 

Lazarus, R. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.44.1.1 

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. In Pervin, L. A. (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 609-637). New York: Guilford.

Li, Y., & Lin, X. (2024). Research on the correlation between academic emotion and grit among Chinese College students. Frontiers in Educational Research, 7(2), 112-119. https://doi.org/10.25236/fer.2024.07021 

Liao, Y., & Chen, H. (2022). Happiness takes effort: Exploring the relationship among  academic grit, executive  functions  and  well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 199, 111863. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2022.111863

Light, A., & Nencka, P. (2019).  Predicting educational attainment: Does grit compensate for low levels of cognitive ability?  Learning and Individual Differences, 70, 142–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LINDIF.2019.02.002

Ma, C. H., Ma, Y. F., & Wang, Y. P. (2020). The mediation model of grit among Chinese college students.  Procedia Computer Science, 166, 160–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROCS.2020.02.040 

Mason, H. D. (2018). Grit and academic performance among first-year university students: A brief report. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(1), 66–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2017.1409478 

Mazloom, M. A. (2017). Emotional Regulation in its Relationship with Alexithymia in a Sample of University Students: Psychometric-Clinical Study. Arab Studies in Education and Psychology, Association of Arab Educators, 82 (82), 141-212. https://doi.org/10.12816/0042119

McGlinchey, E., Kirby, K., McElroy, E., & Murphy, J. (2021). The role of emotional regulation in anxiety and depression symptom interplay and expression among adolescent females. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 43(4), 854–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-021-09883-2 

McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mennin, D. S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(9), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.003 

Minnigh, T., Sanders, J., Witherell, S., & Coyle, T. (2024). Grit as a predictor of academic performance: Not much more than conscientiousness. Personality and Individual Differences, 221, 112542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112542 

Muhibbin, M. & Wulandari, R. (2021). The role of grit in Indonesian student. Psychosophia: Journal of Psychology, Religion, and Humanity, 3(2), 112–123. https://doi.org/10.32923/psc.v3i2.1725

Nadeem, A., Umer, F., & Anwar, M. J. (2023). Emotion regulation as predictor of academic performance in university students. Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology, 4(1), 20–33. https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v4i1.157 

Oliveira, J., Pedras, S., Inman, R. A., & Ramalho, S. M. (2024). Latent profiles of emotion regulation among university students: Links to repetitive negative thinking, internet addiction, and subjective wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1272643 

Oram, R., Ryan, J., Rogers, M., & Heath, N. (2017). Emotion regulation and academic perceptions in adolescence. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 22(2), 162–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2017.1290896 

Oriol, X., Miranda, R., Oyanedel, J. C., & Torres, J. (2017). The role of self-control and grit in domains of school success in students of primary and secondary school. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01716 

Quoidbach, J., Mikolajczak, M., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Positive interventions: An emotion regulation perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 141(3), 655–693. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038648 

Reed, L., & Jeremiah, J. (2017). Student grit as an important ingredient for academic and personal success. In Developments in business simulation and experiential learning: Proceedings of the annual ABSEL conference (Vol. 44), 252-256. https://absel-ojs-ttu.tdl.org/absel/index.php/absel/article/download/3099/3047

Reraki, M., Celik, I., & Sarıçam, H. (2015). Grit as a mediator of the relationship between motivation and academic achievement. Ozean Journal of Social Science, 8(1), 19-32. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.15063.78240

Rey Peña, L., & Pacheco, N. E. (2012). Physical-verbal aggression and depression in adolescents: The role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Universitas Psychologica, 11(4), 1245–1254. https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy11-4

Richard-Sephton, P. B., Crisp, D. A., & Burns, R. A. (2024). The emotion regulation strategies of flourishing adults. Current Psychology, 43(14), 12816–12827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05332-3 

Ruttencutter, G. S. (2018). Getting Gritty with It: An Examination of Self-Directed Learning and Grit Among Doctoral Students. PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4999 

Schimschal, S. E., Visentin, D., Kornhaber, R., Barnett, T., & Cleary, M. (2022). Development of a scale to measure the psychological resources of grit in adults. Nursing & Health Sciences, 24, 752–763. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12973  

Schraub, E. M., Turgut, S., Clavairoly, V., & Sonntag, K. (2013). Emotion regulation as a determinant of recovery experiences and well-being: A day-level study. International Journal of Stress Management, 20(4), 309–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034483 

Seligman, M. E. (2011). Learned Optimism. North Sydney, N.S.W. New York, NY: Random House.

Shah, M. C. (2021). A comparative and correlational study of self-efficacy, grit, achievement motivation and gender differences on performance. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 9(1), 542-552. dip:18.01.054/20210901, https://doi:10.25215/0901.054  

Shamshirian, S., Halldorsson, V., & Sigmundsson, H.  (2021).  Passion, grit and mindset of Iranian wrestlers:  A socio-psychological approach.  New Ideas in Psychology, 62, 100871. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEWIDEAPSYCH.2021.100871 

Shengyao, Y., Xuefen, L., Jenatabadi, H. S., Samsudin, N., Chunchun, K., & Ishak, Z. (2024). Emotional intelligence impact on academic achievement and psychological well-being among university students: The mediating role of positive psychological characteristics. BMC Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01886-4 

Tang, H., Zhou, S., Du, X., Mo, Q., & Xing, Q. (2022). Validating the Chinese version of the academic grit scale in selected adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 41(2), 153–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829221129078 

Tang, L., & Zhu, X. (2024). Academic self-efficacy, grit, and teacher support as predictors of psychological well-being of Chinese EFL students. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1332909 

Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2/3), 25-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166137 

Thompson, R. A., & Meyer, S. (2007). Socialization of Emotion Regulation in the Family. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 249–268). The Guilford Press.

Tomlinson, C. A. (2013). Fairy Dust and Grit. Educational leadership: journal of the Department of Supervision and Curriculum Development, N.E.A. 70. 85-86.

Wang, L. (2021). The role of students’ self-regulated learning, grit, and resilience in Second language learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.800488 

Wolters, C., & Hussain, M. (2015). Investigating grit and its relations with college students’ self-regulated learning and academic achievement. Metacognition and Learning, 10(3), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-014-9128-9  

Yanling, L., Sulong, R. M., Ahmad, N. A., & Ruihua, L.  (2024). Grit relates to academic performance among college students: a five years systematic literature review. Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia, 22(1), 47-69. http://www.seaairweb.info/journal/articles/JIRSEA_v22_n01/JIRSEA_v22_n01_Article03.pdf

Zaki, H. (2021). The mediating role of attentional control in the impact of academic grit on engagement in online learning and achievement among a university students.  Journal of Education Sohag University, 92(92), 1253-1347. Doi: 10.21608/edusohag.2021.208705

Zayed, A. M. A. (2023). Self-directed learning, digital competence, and academic grit among college education students considering some demographic variables. Journal of the Faculty of Education, 20(119), 361-425. Doi:10.21608/jfe.2023.337363   

Zhang, M., Mou, N., Tong, K., & Wu, A. (2018). Investigation of the effects of purpose in life, grit, gratitude, and school belonging on mental distress among Chinese emerging adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102147 

Zhao, X., & Wang, D. (2023). Grit in second language acquisition: a systematic review from 2017 to 2022. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1238788. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1238788