Volume 15 (2025) Download Cover Page

Utilizing A Virtual Laboratory based on Mobile Learning: Implementation for Social Science Education Students in Indonesia to Improve Learning Outcomes

Article Number: e2025181  |  Published Online: April 2025  |  DOI: 10.22521/edupij.2025.15.181

Abdul Bashith , Saiful Amin , Muhammad Aliman , Muchammad Akbar Kurniawan , Hasse Jubba , Linda Maulidiah

Abstract

Background/purpose. Empirical data consistently demonstrate that social sciences education suffers from suboptimal learning outcomes, primarily due to overcrowded curricula and students' struggle to connect abstract theoretical concepts with real-world applications. Therefore, learning that implements technology to assist students in comprehending complex material is required so that they remain focused and understand it more easily. This study aims to evaluate the impact of utilizing a virtual laboratory based on mobile learning on the learning outcomes of students majoring in social sciences education. Furthermore, this study investigated student feedback about the utilization of this virtual laboratory based on mobile learning.

Materials/methods. This quasi-experimental study utilized a non-equivalent control group design with a pre-test and post-test. The participants in this study were 46 students of social sciences education at UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim in Malang, Indonesia.   This research employed valid (p < 0.05) and reliable test instruments (Cronbach's alpha = 0.746) to collect learning outcome data and utilized closed-ended question instruments to gather student responses following implementation of the TNBTS V-Lab application. The data were analyzed with descriptive and quantitative approaches using SPSS 22.0 for Windows.

Results.  The research findings demonstrated that the implementation of the TNBTS V-Lab application can significantly enhanced students learning outcomes, as evidenced by a gain score increase of 37.61 points.  Meanwhile, students responded very positively to the use of the TNBTS V-Lab application.

Conclusion. This study presented a comprehensive examination of the significance of virtual laboratories in the context of education. The responses of students when utilizing virtual laboratories will be explained in this article.  

Keywords: Virtual laboratory, mobile learning, social sciences education, experiment study

References

Achuthan, K. (2018). Using virtual laboratories in chemistry classrooms as interactive tools towards modifying alternate conceptions in molecular symmetry. Education and Information Technologies, 23(6), 2499–2515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9727-1

Alam, A., & Mohanty, A. (2023). Discerning the Application of Virtual Laboratory in Curriculum Transaction of Software Engineering Lab Course from the Lens of Critical Pedagogy. In S. Shakya, K.-L. Du, & K. Ntalianis (Eds.), Sentiment Analysis and Deep Learning (pp. 53–68). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5443-6_5

Alekseyeva, O., Alexandrova, N. V., Chugunova, T. B., Burtseva, D., Petrov, R., Skvortsova, T. P., Bozhkov, S., Milenov, I., & Bozhkov, P. (2023). Application of the virtual laboratory for schoolchildren’s functional literacy development. 2023 18th Conference on Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems (ELMA), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ELMA58392.2023.10202215

Ali, D. F., Johari, N., & Ahmad, A. R. (2023). The effect of augmented reality mobile learning in microeconomic course. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 12(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i2.24943

Aliman, M., Sumarmi, S., & Marni, S. (2024). Developing Spatial Thinking through the Earthcomm Learning Model: Exploring the Role of Earth Science in the Community. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 15(1), 251-281.

Al-nakhle, H. (2022). The effectiveness of scenario-based virtual laboratory simulations to improve learning outcomes and scientific report writing skills. PLOS ONE, 17(11), e0277359. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277359

Amankwaa, A. O., Gjergo, V., & Hamagareb, S. (2023). Developing a virtual laboratory module for forensic science degree programmes. Science & Justice, 63(3), 295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2023.02.002

Amin, S., Sumarmi, S., Bachri, S., Susilo, S., & Bashith, A. (2020). The Effect of Problem-Based Hybrid Learning (PBHL) Models on Spatial Thinking Ability and Geography Learning Outcomes. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(19), 83–94.

Amin, S., Sumarmi, S., Mkumbachi, R. L., Prastiyono, H., & Aliman, M. (2022). Development of Mobile Learning App Based on Islamic and Science Integration to Improve Student Learning Outcomes. Jurnal Iqra’ : Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan, 7(1), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.25217/ji.v7i1.2317

Baladoh, S. M., Elgamal, A. F., & Abas, H. A. (2017). Virtual lab to develop achievement in electronic circuits for hearing-impaired students. Education and Information Technologies, 22(5), 2071–2085. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-016-9532-7

Baron, P., Pivtorak, O., & Ivan, J. (2024). Digitization of the Virtual Reality Laboratory Through Photogrammetry Tools (SfM). TEM Journal, 1758–1769. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM133-04

Bashith, A., Amin, S., Kurniawan, M. A., & Dewi, S. (2025). Development of Virtual Laboratory Based on Mobile Learning in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park Area. Jurnal Geografika (Geografi Lingkungan Lahan Basah), 5(2), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.20527/jgp.v5i2.14370

Bashith, A., Amin, S., & Mkumbachi, R. L. (2022). Development of a Field Laboratory to Social Science Education Pre-Service Teacher. J-PIPS (Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial), 8(2), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.18860/jpips.v8i2.15735

Bashith, A., Amin, S., Nasith, A., Indiyanto, A., & Florika, V. T. (2023). Implementation of the Integrated Living Laboratory Learning Model in Social Studies Education. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 108(108), Article 108.

Bayar, G., & Hambarci, G. (2023). Improving measurement accuracy of indoor positioning system of a Mecanum wheeled mobile robot using Monte Carlo—Latin hypercube sampling based machine learning algorithm. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 360(17), 13994–14021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfranklin.2022.07.037

Brundiers, K., Barth, M., Cebrián, G., Cohen, M., Diaz, L., Doucette-Remington, S., Dripps, W., Habron, G., Harré, N., Jarchow, M., Losch, K., Michel, J., Mochizuki, Y., Rieckmann, M., Parnell, R., Walker, P., & Zint, M. (2021). Key competencies in sustainability in higher education—Toward an agreed-upon reference framework. Sustainability Science, 16(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00838-2

Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1967). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research (2. print; Reprinted from "Handbook of research on teaching"). Houghton Mifflin Comp.

Caniglia, G., John, B., Bellina, L., Lang, D. J., Wiek, A., Cohmer, S., & Laubichler, M. D. (2018). The glocal curriculum: A model for transnational collaboration in higher education for sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 368–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.207

Carroll, M., Britton, A., & Barr, I. (2010). Intercultural Professional Development within a Virtual Learning Community. Citizenship, Social and Economics Education, 9(2), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.2304/csee.2010.9.2.129

Dlouhá, J., & Pospíšilová, M. (2018). Education for Sustainable Development Goals in public debate: The importance of participatory research in reflecting and supporting the consultation process in developing a vision for Czech education. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 4314–4327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.145

Elfakki, A. O., Sghaier, S., & Alotaibi, A. A. (2023). An Efficient System Based on Experimental Laboratory in 3D Virtual Environment for Students with Learning Disabilities. Electronics, 12(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040989

Erdoğan, Ş., & Bozkurt, E. (2022). The effect of virtual laboratory applications prepared for Geometrical Optics Lesson on students’ achievement levels and attitudes towards Physics. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 12(2), 226–234. https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.12.02.22

Fang, T.-Y., Hsu, S.-Y., Su, J.-M., & Wang, P.-C. (2023). Development of a mobile tele-education system to assist remote otolaryngology learning during COVID-19 pandemic. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update, 3, 100102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpbup.2023.100102

Fatmaryanti, S. D., Pratiwi, U., Akhdinirwanto, R. W., & Sulisworo, D. (2022). A task model for supporting virtual laboratory based on inquiry skills, social and scientific communication. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 11(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i1.21737

Gonzalez-Romo, N. I., Mignucci-Jiménez, G., Hanalioglu, S., Gurses, M. E., Bahadir, S., Xu, Y., Koskay, G., Lawton, M. T., & Preul, M. C. (2023). Virtual neurosurgery anatomy laboratory: A collaborative and remote education experience in the metaverse. Surgical Neurology International, 14, 90. https://doi.org/10.25259/SNI_162_2023

Gras, A., Cañadas, J. C., & Ginovart, M. (2013). A free accessible individual-based simulator enabling virtual experiments on soil organic matter processes in classroom. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 3(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.72

Guzmán, J. L., & Joseph, B. (2021). Web-Based Virtual Lab for Learning Design, Operation, Control, and Optimization of an Anaerobic Digestion Process. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 30(3), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-020-09860-6

Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., & Suman, R. (2022). Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004

Hallinger, P., & Nguyen, V.-T. (2020). Mapping the Landscape and Structure of Research on Education for Sustainable Development: A Bibliometric Review. Sustainability, 12(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051947

Handayani, T. S., & Suharyanto, S. (2016). Development of Mobile Learning Based Android on Static Fluid As A Learning Media to Increase Learning Interest and Cognitive Learning Outcomes of Students. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika, 5(6), 384–389.

Hurtado-Bermúdez, S., & Romero-Abrio, A. (2023). The effects of combining virtual laboratory and advanced technology research laboratory on university students’ conceptual understanding of electron microscopy. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(2), 1126–1141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1821716

Kapici, H. O., Akcay, H., & de Jong, T. (2019). Using Hands-On and Virtual Laboratories Alone or Together―Which Works Better for Acquiring Knowledge and Skills? Journal of Science Education and Technology, 28(3), 231–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-018-9762-0

Kravchenko, O., Dokuchaieva, V., Sbitnieva, L., Sakhatska, V., & Akinshyna, I. (2024). Effectiveness of generative learning strategies based on mobile learning technologies in higher education. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 13(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i4.28372

Kurniawan, B., Shrestha, R. P., Astina, I. K., Hadi, N., Irawan, L. Y., Kurniawati, E., & Wiradimadja, A. (2022). Developing a Virtual Nature Laboratory of Faculty Social Science (LAV-FIS) to Assists Field-Based Learning during Pandemic: A Need Analysis Review. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 16(07), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i07.28481

Kurowsky, J. (2023). The learning curve of deploying the U.S. Coast Guard pharmacy medical mobile unit for Hurricane Maria. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 63(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2022.08.028

Lim, C. K., Haufiku, M. S., Tan, K. L., Farid Ahmed, M., & Ng, T. F. (2022). Systematic Review of Education Sustainable Development in Higher Education Institutions. Sustainability, 14(20), Article 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013241

Lozano, R., Barreiro-Gen, M., Lozano, F. J., & Sammalisto, K. (2019). Teaching Sustainability in European Higher Education Institutions: Assessing the Connections between Competences and Pedagogical Approaches. Sustainability, 11(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061602

Manyilizu, M. C. (2023). Effectiveness of virtual laboratory vs. Paper-based experiences to the hands-on chemistry practical in Tanzanian secondary schools. Education and Information Technologies, 28(5), 4831–4848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11327-7

Moreno, C. I. (2022). Education and climate change, the role of universities: Edited by Fernando Reimers, Switzerland AG, Ebook, Springer, 2021, 201 pp., £51.99 (hardcover), ISBN 978-3-030-57927-2. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 52(8), 1369–1370. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2021.1981671

Nicol, C. B., Gakuba, E., & Habinshuti, G. (2022). Students’ Opinions, Views, and Perceptions of Science Laboratory Learning: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 18(3), em2087. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/11793

Nicolaou, C., Matsiola, M., & Kalliris, G. (2019). Technology-Enhanced Learning and Teaching Methodologies through Audiovisual Media. Education Sciences, 9(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9030196

Odell, V., Molthan-Hill, P., Martin, S., & Sterling, S. (2020). Transformative Education to Address All Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 905–916).

Oktavianto, D. A., Utaya, S., Sumarmi, S., & Taryana, D. (2024). Geographic-inquiry on virtual environment mobile application to support fieldwork based on blended learning. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 13(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i1.26597

Oyelere, S. S., Suhonen, J., Wajiga, G. M., & Sutinen, E. (2018). Design, development, and evaluation of a mobile learning application for computing education. Education and Information Technologies, 23(1), 467–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-017-9613-2

Prahani, B. K., Rizki, I. A., Nisa’, K., Citra, N. F., Alhusni, H. Z., & Wibowo, F. C. (2022). Implementation of online problem-based learning assisted by digital book with 3D animations to improve student’s physics problem-solving skills in magnetic field subject. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 12(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1590

Prasetya, S. P., Hidayati, A., Farid, J. A., Listari, T., Ardiansyah, R., & Chanthoeurn, D. (2024). Development of Augmented Reality Atlas Volcano Series Media in Social Sciences Learning. TEM Journal, 3125–3136. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM134-47

Prastiyono, H., Utaya, S., Sumarmi, S., Astina, I. K., Amin, S., & Aliman, M. (2021). Development of E-Learning, Mobile Apps, Character Building, and Outdoor Study (EMCO Learning Model) to Improve Geography Outcomes in the 21st Century. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 15(07), Article 07.

Prastiyono, H., Widodo, B. S., Utaya, S., Sumarmi, Astina, I. K., Amin, S., & Isaias, P. (2023). The Development of Geomobile App-Based Outdoor Study to Improve Critical-Social Abilities and Collaborative in the 21st Century. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 17(24), Article 24. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v17i24.45945

Saputra, M. R. D., & Kuswanto, H. (2019). The Effectiveness of Physics Mobile Learning (PML) with HomboBatu Theme to Improve the Ability of Diagram Representation and Critical Thinking of Senior High School Students. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 471–490.

Senthilselvi, A., Sellam, V., Alahmari, S. A., & Rajeyyagari, S. (2020). Accuracy enhancement in mobile phone recycling process using machine learning technique and MEPH process. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 20, 101137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101137

Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference (pp. xxi, 623). Houghton, Mifflin and Company.

Shou, Y. (2022). The Influence Mechanism of Virtual Experiment Teaching on the Behavioural Intention of Distance Learners. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 17(19), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i19.34469

Shudayfat, E. A., & Alsalhi, N. R. I. (2023). Science learning in 3D virtual environment multi-users online in basic education stage. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 19(1), em2216. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/12809

Sterling, S., & Rieckmann, M. (2016). ‘More Than Scaling Up’: A Critical and Practical Inquiry Into Operationalising Sustainability Competencies. European Conference on Educational Research.

Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2

Tejado, I., González, I., Pérez, E., & Merchán, P. (2021). Introducing systems theory with virtual laboratories at the University of Extremadura: How to improve learning in the lab in engineering degrees. International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education, 58(4), 874–899. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020720919876815

Tuysuz, C. (2010). The Effect of the Virtual Laboratory on Students’ Achievement and Attitude in Chemistry. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 2.

Vare, P., Arro, G., de Hamer, A., Del Gobbo, G., de Vries, G., Farioli, F., Kadji-Beltran, C., Kangur, M., Mayer, M., Millican, R., Nijdam, C., Réti, M., & Zachariou, A. (2019). Devising a Competence-Based Training Program for Educators of Sustainable Development: Lessons Learned. Sustainability, 11(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071890

Wijayanto, B., Sumarmi, S., Utomo, D. H., Handoyo, B., & Aliman, M. (2023). Problem-based learning using e-module: Does it effect on student’s high order thinking and learning interest in studying geography? Journal of Technology and Science Education, 13(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1965

Yalcinkaya, T., & Cinar Yucel, S. (2023). Mobile learning in nursing education: A bibliometric analysis and visualization. Nurse Education in Practice, 71, 103714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103714

Announcement

EDUPIJ Citation Metrics

EDUPIJ News!

► Educational Process International Journal has changed to publish in article number order instead of in page range order beginning with Volume 14 (2025).