Cognitive Autonomy Development among Adolescents: A Study of University Students in Indonesia
Article Number: e2025208 | Available Online: May 2025 | DOI: 10.22521/edupij.2025.16.208
Tri Murwaningsih , Muna Fauziah , Hani Febriyanti
Full text PDF |
3011 |
2908
Abstract
|
Background/purpose. This research aims to explore each component of the cognitive autonomy of Indonesian students, who are mostly 17 to 20-year-olds. Materials/methods. Quantitative method with survey types was used in this research. The research sample consisted of 100 first-semester students at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret (12 male and 88 female students). The research sample was spread across 20 teacher training and education faculty study programs. The research sample consisted of 100 respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect data. The instrument's validity was tested using product-moment correlation with a score of 0.195 (valid). The instrument's reliability was tested using the Cronbach alpha formula, with a 0.79 (reliable) score. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics with the Microsoft Excel application. Results. The research findings show that students' cognitive autonomy was adequate, with an indicator of evaluative thinking obtaining 4.13 (82.54%), voicing opinions at 3.66 (73.20%), decision-making at 3.91 (78.10%), self-assessment at 3.48 (69.60%), and comparative validation at 3.91 (78.20%). The indicator of evaluative thinking becomes the most dominant, while the indicator of self-assessment becomes the lowest indicator. The score acquisition is caused by age, gender, peers, teacher's role, social condition, academic performance, learning environment, learning experience, emotional state, learning motivation, education, and student habituation. Conclusion. This research concludes that most students have had cognitive autonomy, which is characterized by the possession of all indicators of cognitive autonomy. Future research is recommended to conduct research in early childhood to support the elements of cognitive autonomy appropriately, as well as research that focuses on emotional and behavioral autonomy to observe greater potential. |
Keywords: Adolescence, cognitive autonomy, comparative validation, decision-making, self-assessment
ReferencesAbdullah, A., Cudjoe, E., Emery, C. R., & Frederico, M. (2020). Moving towards independent living in Ghana: Narratives from young adults about their kinship care experience. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.005
Alzoubi, H. M., & Aziz, R. (2021). Does emotional intelligence contribute to the quality of strategic decisions? The mediating role of open innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(2), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020130
Archibald, T. (2021). The role of evaluative thinking in the teaching of evaluation. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 35(3), 310–319. https://utppublishing.com/doi/pdf/10.3138/cjpe.69753
Archibald, T. (2024). Evaluative thinking. In Research Handbook on Program Evaluation (pp. 35–49). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803928289.00009
Azwar, S. (2016). Konstruksi tes kemampuan kognitif. Pustaka Pelajar.
Barbosa, P. V., & Wagner, A. (2013). A autonomia na adolescência: Revisando conceitos, modelos e variáveis. Estudos de Psicologia, 18(4), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X2013000400013
Beasley, R. E., Kivisto, A. J., Leonhardt, B. L., & Waldron, J. S. (2021). Childhood maltreatment and psychosis: A comparative validity study of maltreatment indices. Child Maltreatment, 26(2), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520927475
Beckert, T. E. (2005). Fostering autonomy in adolescents: A model of cognitive autonomy and self-evaluation. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Troy-Beckert/publication/254266604_FOSTERING_AUTONOMY_IN_ADOLESCENTS_A_MODEL_OF_COGNITIVE_AUTONOMY_AND_SELF-EVALUATION/links/5411b59b0cf264cee28b51f2/FOSTERING-AUTONOMY-IN-ADOLESCENTS-A-MODEL-OF-COGNITIVE-AUTONOMY-AND-SELF-EVALUATION.pdf
Beckert, T. E. (2007). Cognitive autonomy and self-evaluation in adolescence: A conceptual investigation and instrument development. North American Journal of Psychology, 9(3), 579–594. https://doi.org/10.1037/t54411-000
Beckert, T. E., Lee, C.-T., & Vaterlaus, J. M. (2012). Cognitive Autonomy in Adolescence: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of American and Taiwanese High School Students. Survey Research-Method and Application, 28, 7–45. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Troy_Beckert/publication/265725991_Differen%0Aces_in_Adolescent_Cognitive_Autonomy_with_Caucasians_and_Taiwanese/links/5%0A6041a5c08ae5e8e3f2fcbf2.pdf%0Ahttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Troy_Beckert/publication/265
Bednar, D. E., & Fisher, T. D. (2002). Peer referencing in adolescent decision making as a function of perceived parenting style. Adolescence, 38(152), 607–621. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15053489/
Benlahcene, A., Lashar, S. A., & Lubana, A. (2019). Cognitive autonomy differences among adolescents in Malaysia. Indonesian Journal of Education Methods Development, 5, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.21070/ijemd.v3i2.14
Benlahcene, A., Lashari, S., & Lubana, A. (2020). Cognitive autonomy differences among adolescents in Malaysia: insights for classroom. Practitioner Research, 1, 229–245. http://e-journal.uum.edu.my/index.php/pr/article/view/8199
Bernal Romero, T., Melendro, M., & Charry, C. (2020). Transition to Adulthood Autonomy Scale for Young People: Design and Validation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(March), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00457
Beyers, W., Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2025). Autonomy in adolescence: a conceptual, developmental and cross-cultural perspective. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2(2), 121–141. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17405629.2024.2330734
Bjønness, S., Viksveen, P., & Johannessen, J. O. (2020). User participation and shared decision-making in adolescent mental healthcare: a qualitative study of healthcare professionals’ perspectives. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health, 14(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-0310-3
Brown, B. B., & Prinstein, M. J. (2011). Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Academic Press.
Cao, G., Duan, Y., Edwards, J. S., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2021). Understanding managers’ attitudes and behavioral intentions towards using artificial intelligence for organizational decision-making. Technovation, 106, 102312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2021.102312
Cole, M. J. (2023). Evaluative thinking. Evaluation Journal of Australasia, 23(2), 70–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035719X231163932
Collibee, C., LeTard, A. J., & Aikins, J. W. (2016). The moderating role of friendship quality on associations between autonomy and adolescent adjustment. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 36, 251–266. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0272431614562837
Davy Tsz Kit, N. G., Luo, W., Chan, H. M. Y., & Chu, S. K. W. (2022). Using digital story writing as a pedagogy to develop AI literacy among primary students. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3(October 2021), 100054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100054
Demetriou, H., & Nicholl, B. (2022). Empathy is the mother of invention: Emotion and cognition for creativity in the classroom. Improving Schools, 25(1), 4–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480221989500
Deniz, F. K. (2023). Cognitive autonomy for students with learning disabilities. Intervention in School and Clinic, 58(5), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/10534512221114419
Dutra-Thomé, L., Marques, L. F., Seidl-de-Moura, M. L., Ramos, D. D. O., & Koller, S. (2019). Autonomy development: Gender and age differences from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 9(2), 14–24. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S2007-48322019000200014&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
Engels, M. C., Spilt, J., Denies, K., & Verschueren, K. (2021). The role of affective teacher-student relationships in adolescents’ school engagement and achievement trajectories. Learning and Instruction, 75(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101485
Fang, W. (2020). Multilevel Modeling and the Explanatory Autonomy of Psychology. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 50(3), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393120917633
Gajdošová, B., Orosová, O., & Bacikova-Sleskova, M. (2022). Changes in cognitive autonomy during early adolescence. Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 10(3), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.2478/jolace-2022-0015
Ganzel, A. K. (1999). Adolescent decision making: The influence of mood, age, and gender on the consideration of information. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 289-3 18. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0743558499143002
Gilson, L. L. (2024). Why be creative: A review of the practical outcomes associated with creativity at the individual, group, and organizational levels. In Handbook of organizational creativity (pp. 303–322). https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003573326-16/creative-lucy-gilson
Gower, M. D., & Shanks, R. A. (2014). Research design-qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. In 4th ed (p. 273). Sage Publications.
Goyette, M. (2019). Leaving care and the transition to adulthood. In International Contributions to Theory, Research, and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630485.001.000
Hill, J. P. (1983). Early Adolescence: A Research Agenda. Journal of Early Adolescence, 3(1–2), 1–21. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/027243168331002
Hill, N. E., & Wang, M. T. (2015). From Middle School to College: Developing Aspirations, Promoting Engagement, and Indirect Pathways From Parenting to Post High School Enrollment. Developmental Psychology, 51(2), 224–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038367
Huang, Q. (2022). Influence of EFL teachers’ self-assessment on their self-regulation and self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 891839. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.891839
Karaman, P. (2021). The Impact of Self-assessment on Academic Performance: A Meta-analysis Study. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 7(4), 1151–1166. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.2344
Kumar, T., Soozandehfar, S. M. A., Hashemifardnia, A., & Mombeini, R. (2023). Self vs peer assessment activities in EFL-speaking classes impact students’ self-regulated learning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. Language Testing in Asia, 13(1), 36. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40468-023-00251-3
Kweldju, S. (2023). Non-ELT Students’ Cognitive Autonomy in Choosing and Attending Applied Linguistics Courses. Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-054-1_57
Lee, C. T., Beckert, T. E., & Goodrich, T. R. (2010). The relationship between individualistic, collectivistic, and transitional cultural value orientations and adolescents’ autonomy and identity status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(8), 882–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9430-z
Marantika, J. E. R. (2021). Metacognitive ability and autonomous learning strategy in improving learning outcomes. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 15(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v15i1.17392
Matulessy, A., & Hikmah, U. R. (2022). Students’ confidence in expressing opinions at a senior high school in Pademawu. 2nd International Conference on Social Science, Humanity and Public Health (ICOSHIP 2021), 46–50. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220207.008
McElhaney, K. B., Allen, J. P., Stephenson, J. C., & Hare, A. L. (2009). Attachment and autonomy during adolescence. In Handbook of adolescent psychology (p. 1). Springer International Publishing. https://www.speakingofteens.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/2009-Handbook-Attachment-and-Autonomy-During-Adolescence.pdf
Michael, R., & Attias, J. (2016). Cognitive autonomy among adolescents with and without hearing loss: Associations with perceived social support. Journal of Adolescence, 48, 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.01.008
Miller, D. C., & Byrnes, J. P. (2001). To achieve or not to achieve: A self-regulation perspective on adolescents’ academic decision making. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(4), 677.
Morelli, M., Casagrande, M., & Forte, G. (2022). Decision making: A theoretical review. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 56(3), 609–629. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12124-021-09669-x
Naite, I. (2021). Impact of Parental Involvement on Children’s Academic Performance at Crescent International School, Bangkok, Thailand. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 690(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/690/1/012064
Newell, B. R., Lagnado, D. A., & Shanks, D. R. (2022). Straight choices: The psychology of decision making. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003289890
Nippold, M. A., LaFavre, S., & Shinham, K. (2020). How adolescents interpret the moral messages of fables: examining the development of critical thinking. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(4), 1212–1226. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00168
Niu, L. (2016). Parental Motivational Practice, Parent Involvement, and Students’ Choice of Study Field in College. World Journal of Education, 6(5), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v6n5p36
Noor, A., & Liaqat, H. (2018). Pakistan Journal of Professional Psychology: Research and Practice Vol 9, No. 2, 2018. Pakistan Journal of Professional Psychology: Research and Practice Vol., 9(2), 1–16. https:/doi.org/10.62663/pjpprp.v1i1.158
Okpych, N. J., & Courtney, M. (2019). Longitudinal analyses of educational outcomes for youth transitioning out of care in the US: trends and influential factors. Oxford Review of Education, 45(4), 461–480. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/03054985.2019.1592747
Orakcı, Ş. (2021). Exploring the relationships between cognitive flexibility, learner autonomy, and reflective thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 41, 100838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100838
Paloniemi, E., Mikkola, I., Vatjus, R., Jokelainen, J., Timonen, M., & Hagnäs, M. (2021). Measures of empathy and the capacity for self-reflection in dental and medical students. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02549-3
Pan, G., Shankararaman, V., Koh, K., & Gan, S. (2021). Students’ evaluation of teaching in the project-based learning programme: An instrument and a development process. International Journal of Management Education, 19(2), 100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100501
Peetsma, T., Hascher, T., van der Veen, I., & Roede, E. (2005). Relations between adolescents' self-evaluations, time perspectives, motivation for school, and their achievement in different countries and at different ages. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 20(3), 209–225. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03173553
Peng, X., Sun, X., & He, Z. (2022). Influence Mechanism of Teacher Support and Parent Support on the Academic Achievement of Secondary Vocational Students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(April), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.863740
Politis, J., & Houtz, J. C. (2015). Effects of Positive Mood on Generative and Evaluative Thinking in Creative Problem Solving. SAGE Open, 5(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015592679
Rahman, K. A., Hasan, M. K., Namaziandost, E., & Ibna Seraj, P. M. (2021). Implementing a formative assessment model at the secondary schools: attitudes and challenges. Language Testing in Asia, 11(1), 18. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40468-021-00136-3
Reed, V. A., & Spicer, L. (2003). The Relative Importance of Selected Communication Skills for Adolescents’ Interactions With Their Teachers. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 34(4), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2003/028)
Salsabila, T., & Usman, O. (2015). Influence of student motivation, student learning facilities and lecturer teaching skills towards learning interest. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3768537
Sayeed, O. B. (2015). Questionnaire design for survey research. In D. Hegde (Ed.), Essays on Research Methodology (pp. 185–211). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2214-9_9
Senft, B., Liebhauser, A., Tremschnig, I., Ferijanz, E., & Wladika, W. (2022). Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents from the Perspective of Teachers. Frontiers in Education, 7(February), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.808015
Taylor‐Rowan, M., McGuire, L., Hafdi, M., Evans, J., Stott, D. J., Wetherall, K., & Quinn, T. J. (2022). Comparative validity of informant tools for assessing pre‐stroke cognitive impairment. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 37(4), 1–10. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/gps.5700
Thompson, R. (2006). Cognitive Autonomy in Adolescence [Utah State University]. https://doi.org/10.26076/5c03-4081
Tigelaar, D., & Sins, P. (2021). Effects of formative assessment programmes on teachers’ knowledge about supporting students’ reflection. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 73(3), 413–435. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13636820.2020.1726992
Vasileiadou, D., & Karadimitriou, K. (2021). Examining the impact of self-assessment with the use of rubrics on primary school students’ performance. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2, 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100031
Wachyudi, S. H., Purba, F. D., & Abidin, F. A. (2024). Parenting Styles and Cognitive Autonomy Among Indonesian Adolescents. Proceeding of the International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research for Sustainable Innovation, 1(1), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.31098/icmrsi.v1i.803
Wijnia, L., & Baars, M. (2021). The role of motivational profiles in learning problem-solving and self-assessment skills with video modeling examples. In Instructional Science (Vol. 49, Issue 1). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-020-09531-4
Winch, C. (2021). Autonomy as an educational aim. The Routledge Falmer Reader in the Philosophy of Education, 65–73. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003209317-7/autonomy-educational-aim-christopher-winch
Yan, Z., Panadero, E., Wang, X., & Zhan, Y. (2023). A systematic review on students’ perceptions of self-assessment: usefulness and factors influencing implementation. Educational Psychology Review, 35(3), 81. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10648-023-09799-1
Yan, Z., Wang, X., Boud, D., & Lao, H. (2023). The effect of self-assessment on academic performance and the role of explicitness: a meta-analysis. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 48(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2021.2012644
Yang, A. C. M., Chen, I. Y. L., Flanagan, B., & Ogata, H. (2022). How students’ self-assessment behavior affects their online learning performance. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3(January), 100058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100058
Yeh, K. H., Liu, Y. L., Huang, H. S., & Yang, Y. J. (2007). Individuating and Relating Autonomy in Culturally Chinese Adolescents. In C. Liu, A. Ward, M. Bernardo, Karasawa, & Fischer (Eds.), Casting the Individual in Societal and Cultural Contexts (pp. 123– 146). Kyoyook Kwahak Sa-Publisma. https://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~wangresearch/topic/topic8/individuating and relating autonomy.pdf
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation. Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780121098902500317