Abstract

Conclusion. The study enriches theoretical insights into school leadership philosophy and provides practical recommendations for improving secondary education towards incorporating both domestic and international perspectives,. The findings contribute to the broader dialogue on educational innovation and the pursuit of high-quality education across diverse socio-cultural environments.

Keywords: High school principals, school governance philosophy, Delphi method, education management, Guizhou

Alam, A., & Mohanty, A. (2023). Educational technology: Exploring the convergence of technology and pedagogy through mobility, interactivity, AI, and learning tools. Cogent Engineering, 10(2), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2023.2283282

Al Alwan, A., Alhubaidah, J., & Alharbi, S. (2025). Mindfulness among University Students and Its Relationship to Their Psychological Hardiness. Educational Process: International Journal, 16, e2025189. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.16.189

Alpaydın, Y., Demirli, C., Akgün, B., & Alpaydın, Y. (2022). Scientific-Technological Developments and Educational Paradigms. In Maarif Global Education Series. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9640-4

Anriani, H. B., Sari, H., Junaidi, J., & Hamka, H. (2022). Investigating the relationship between moral and ethical: Does extrinsic and intrinsic religiosity improve people’s mental health? FWU Journal of Social Science, 16(3), 52-67. http://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/Fall2022/4

Aziez, F., Agung, R. M., Wiarsih, C., & Irianto, S. (2025). Being An Introverted Teacher: Student Teachers’ Experience During the Internship Program. Educational Process: International Journal, 16, e2025196. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.16.196

Bathla, A., Chawla, G., Hofaidhllaoui, M., & Dabic, M. (2024). Exploring the dynamics of design thinking in management education and training: a critical review, taxonomic analysis and practical implications. European Journal of Innovation Management, 27(9), 337-359. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2023-1108

Brundin, E., Liu, F., & Cyron, T. (2022). Emotion in strategic management: A review and future research agenda. Long Range Planning, 55(4), 102144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2021.102144

Can, X. ., Xiang, W. ., & Liu Yaoping. (2023). Evaluation of the Implementation of the "Double Reduction" Policy in Compulsory Education (K12) in China: Taking Guizhou Province as an Example. Migration Letters, 20(S11), 86–106. https://doi.org/10.59670/ml.v20iS11.5587

Caramat, J., & Caballes, D. (2023). School Principal Leadership Style and Teachers Individual Performance Commitment and Review (IPCR) In Antipolo. Psych Educ, 193–196. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10154377

Chan, T. (2022). Principals' Perceptions of Their Roles as Curriculum Leaders: Comparison of High, Middle, and Elementary Schools. Educational Research and Development Journal, 25(1), 82–98. https://doi.org/10.3102/1880803

Chen, D., Fu, N., & Pan, Y. (2019). Progress and Challenges of Upper Secondary Education in China. Progress and Challenges of Upper Secondary Education in China, 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1596/31574

Civera, A., Horta, H., Meoli, M., & Paleari, S. (2025). Academically inbred presidents and university performance. Studies in Higher Education, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2025.2483885

Dinata, D. S., Manuputty, J. A., Hurmanisa, Tinopi, Y. K., & Rudie. (2023). Engaging Presence of Constructivism Philosophy in and through Management of Christian Education: Reflective Investigation. Journal of Scientific Research, Education, and Technology (JSRET), 2(4), 1602–1616. https://doi.org/10.58526/jsret.v2i4.275

Franks, L. E. (2019). A Philosophy of the Principalship. Principal Magazine. https://www.naesp.org/resource/a-philosophy-of-the-principalship/

Hasan, N. N., Petrides, K. V., & Hull, L. (2023). The relationship between explicit and implicit personality: Evidence from the Big Five and trait emotional intelligence. PLoS ONE, 18(10 October), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287013

Huang, Z., She, S., Triwannakij, S., Liu, Y., & Anwar, K. (2024). Talent Incentive Policy, Innovation Performance, Organizational Innovation Climate, and Organizational Identification: Empirical Evidence from High-Tech Enterprises. 20(1), 66–79. https://doi.org/10.22495/cbv20i1art6

Jayasuriya, S., Swisher, K., Rego, J. D., Chandran, S., Mativo, J., Kurz, T., Collins, C. E., Robinson, D. T., & Pidaparti, R. (2024). ImageSTEAM: Teacher Professional Development for Integrating Visual Computing into Middle School Lessons. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 38(21), 23101–23109. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i21.30355

Jimerson, S. R., & Chen, C. (2022). Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Considerations in Understanding Student Engagement in Schools: Promoting the Development of Diverse Students Around the World. In Reschly, A.L., Christenson, S.L. (eds) Handbook of Research on Student Engagement. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07853-8_31

Junaidi, J., Anwar, S. M., & Sahrir, S. (2023). The role of religion and social capital on entrepreneurship self-efficacy and motivation among students in Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2265091

Junaidi, J., Anwar, S. M., Sahrir, S., Ath-Thaariq, M., Rosdiana, S., & Imran, M. P. (2025). The role of religious social capital on students’ entrepreneurial motivation: a self-determinant theory perspective. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-08-2024-0126

Landeta, J., & Lertxundi, A. (2024). Quality indicators for Delphi studies. Futures and Foresight Science, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ffo2.172

Lewin, M. (2022). The Faculty of Ideas. Kant's Concept of Reason in the Narrower Sense. Open Philosophy, 5(1), 340–359. https://doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2022-0203

Li, J. (2017). Educational Policy Development in China for the 21st Century: Rationality and Challenges in a Globalizing Age. Chinese Education and Society, 50(3), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611932.2017.1330992

Lim, W. M. (2024). What Is Qualitative Research? An Overview and Guidelines. Australasian Marketing Journal, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241264619

Liu, B., Anyanmu, C. C., Siripala, W., Songsiengchai, S., Junaidi, J., & Hamka, H. (2025). Examining on-and-off-Campus Students’ Public Participation Experiences in Management Consciousness Towards a Sense of Responsibility. Ianna Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies , 7(1), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14063973

Memela, G. K. S., & Ramrathan, L. (2022). The perspective of school leadership and management: The role of the school principal in academic learner performance. South African Journal of Education, 42(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v42n2a2071

Mesa, B. W. S. D. ., Jareño, J. A. C. ., Navas-Montes, Y. ., & Gómez, S. J. R. . (2023). Comparative Analysis of the Evaluation of Higher Education Institutions in Five Latin American Countries: Progress, Challenges and Perspectives. Migration Letters, 20(S11), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.59670/ml.v20iS11.5584

Mohtar, M., & Manan, B. (2014). Leadership Characteristics of Excellent Headmaster. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(23), 120–123. www.iiste.org

Moya, S., & Toledano, N. (2024). The Space for Religion and Spirituality in Business, Management, and Entrepreneurship Education: Reflections on the Main Contributions and Tentative Directions. J Bus Ethics 198, 155–175 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-024-05787-9

Nadeem, M. (2024). Distributed leadership in educational contexts: A catalyst for school improvemenent. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 9. 100835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100835

Qi, W., Zhang, Y., & Arshad, M. Z. (2025). Sustainable education in action: Principal leadership, teacher wellbeing, and altruism in the sports context. Acta Psychologica, 254, 104846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104846

Razali, G. (2024). The philosophy of communication in technology-based Education: Study of research trends in the last three years assisted by NVivo 12 Pro. Jurnal ASPIKOM, 9(1), 1–12. https://jurnalaspikom.org/index.php/aspikom/article/view/1405

Rösch, N., Tiberius, V., & Kraus, S. (2023). Design thinking for innovation: context factors, process, and outcomes. European Journal of Innovation Management, 26(7), 160–176. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-03-2022-0164

Ryan, T. J., & Krupnikov, Y. (2021). Split Feelings: Understanding Implicit and Explicit Political Persuasion. American Political Science Review, 115(4), 1424–1441. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000538

Salimova, R., Nurmanbetova, J., Kozhamzharova, M., Manassova, M., & Aubakirova, S. (2024). Philosophy of Education in a changing digital environment: an epistemological scope of the problem. AI and Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01928-w

Sangeetha, K. S. (2021). Sources of Knowledge: Rationalism, Empiricism, and the Kantian Synthesis. Rebus Community. https://press.rebus.community/intro-to-phil-epistemology/chapter/sources-of-knowledge-rationalism-empiricism-and-the-kantian-synthesis/

Sebastian, J., Allensworth, E., & Huang, H. (2016). The role of teacher leadership in how principals influence classroom instruction and student learning. American Journal of Education, 123(1), 69–108. https://doi.org/10.1086/688169

Shaked, H. (2024). How principals' instructional leadership impacts schools' middle leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432241238888

Slabbinck, H., & Van Witteloostuijn, A. (2020). Explicit and Implicit Basic Human Motives, and Public Service Motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(June), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01542

Sullivan, K., Perry, L. B., & McConney, A. (2014). How do school learning environments differ across Australia's rural, regional and metropolitan communities? Australian Educational Researcher, 41(5), 521–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-014-0144-1

Thompson, M. (2009). Considering the implication of variations within Delphi research. Family Practice, 26(5), 420–424. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmp051

Widiyanti, E., & Raharjo, J. (2018). The Influence of Principal Leadership, School Culture through Motivation on Junior High School Teacher Performance. Educational Management, 7(1), 11–16. http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/eduman

Xiang, L., & Stillwell, J. (2023). Rural–Urban Educational Inequalities and Their Spatial Variations in China. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 16(2), 873–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-023-09506-1

Xing, Q., Tan, H. P., & Gan, S. W. (2024). Constructing a student development model for undergraduate vocational universities in China using the Fuzzy Delphi Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process. PLoS ONE, 19(3 March), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301017

Yang, J., Liu, Y., Arifani, Y., & Junaidi, J. (2024). The Influences of entrepreneurial education on Students' business innovation and motivation. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 23(11), 168-286. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.11.14

Yao, K. C., Lai, J. Y., Huang, W. T., & Tu, J. C. (2022). Utilize Fuzzy Delphi and Analytic Network Process to Construct Consumer Product Design Evaluation Indicators. Mathematics, 10(3), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10030397.

Yu, H. (2024). The application and challenges of ChatGPT in educational transformation: New demands for teachers' roles. Heliyon, 10(2), e24289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24289

Yunitasari, D., Lasmanwan, I. W., Arnyana, I. B. P., & Ardana, I. M. (2025). Innovative Learning: Problem-Based Learning Enhances Character and Learning Outcomes in Elementary Schools. Educational Process: International Journal, 16, e2025202. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2025.16.202

Zhong, J., Liu, Y., Run, P., Xiong, R., & Junaidi, J. (2025). Influence of Worldwide University Rankings on the Strategic Planning of Public Institutions in Thailand. Ianna Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(1), 238–248. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14063987