Abstract

Conclusion: This study underscores the positive impact of smartphones on the SAE of Generation-Z students and emphasizes the mediating role of DC and informal learning, as well as the moderating influence of educators’ democratic behavior. To enhance SAE and informal learning experiences among Generation-Z students, educators are encouraged to integrate smartphones positively in classrooms, cultivate DC, and foster democratic behavior.

Keywords: Smartphone use; educator behavior; democratic teaching practices; digital competency; the digital informal learning

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