Abstract

Conclusion. Problem-Based Learning significantly enhances students’ comprehension and engagement in Islamic Religious Education by fostering critical thinking, contextual understanding, and reflective learning. While previous studies have explored PBL in religious contexts, this research deepens the evidence by integrating quantitative improvements with rich qualitative insights from higher education learners. It highlights the pedagogical potential of PBL in bridging doctrinal understanding with real-life application. The study recommends curriculum-level integration, educator training, and time-structured implementation to optimize its use in Islamic educational settings.

Keywords: Problem-based learning, pedagogical innovation, higher education, Islamic education, students' comprehension

Abdul Khalil, S., Mohd Razif, N. F., & Rosele, M. I. (2024). Developing Ijtihad Skills for Undergraduate Students Through Problem-based Learning in Fiqh Subjects: Present Practices and The Way Forward. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, 39(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.21315/apjee2024.39.2.11

Abildinova, G., Abdykerimova, E., Assainova, A., Mukhtarkyzy, K., & Abykenova, D. (2024). Preparing educators for the digital age: teacher perceptions of active teaching methods and digital integration. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1473766

Acharya, S., Bhatt, A. N., Chakrabarti, A., Delhi, V. S. K., Diehl, J. C., van Andel, E., Jurelionis, A., Stasiuliene, L., De Jussilainen Costa, L., & Subra, R. (2021). Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in Undergraduate Education: Design Thinking to Redesign Courses. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 222, 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0119-4_28

Achmad, A., & Fitria, L. (2024). The Philosophical Trilogy for The Development of Islamic Educational Management. TATHO: International Journal of Islamic Thought and Sciences, 1(4), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.70512/tatho.v1i4.49

Adamuthe, A. C., & Mane, S. U. (2020). PBL based teaching-learning strategy for inculcating research aptitude in cs/it students. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, 33(Special Issue), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2020/v33i0/150125

Adiyono, A., Nurhayati, S., Islam, M. S., Al-Badawi, H., Sain, Z. H., Wafi, H. A., & Vargheese, K. J. (2025). A Transdisciplinary Approach to Character Development: Islamic Teachings and Pancasila Values in Shaping Global and Faithful Students. Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE), 7(1), 198–217.

Akçay, B. (2009). Problem-based learning in science education. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 6(1), 26–36. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67650232993&partnerID=40&md5=e0d8ea1fb0a5061e3c9dc7c436818ac9

Alajab, A. M., & Jafer, W. A. N. (2015). Using focus group techniques to explore the possibility of using electronic communication tools for problem based learning at arabian gulf university, kingdom of bahrain. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, 33(1), 11–35. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85034273842&partnerID=40&md5=e952198d2f53fa1fd541cacc537c6f18

Amaly, A. M., Herdiana, Y., Ruswandi, U., & Arifin, B. S. (2023). The Necessity And Reality Of Islamic Religious Education In Schools. Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura, 23(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v23i1.13190

Anshori, I. (2021). Problem-Based Learning Remodelling Using Islamic Values Integration and Sociological Research in Madrasas. International Journal of Instruction, 14(2), 421–442. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85101568137&partnerID=40&md5=450f25255a7575b9aa9d64571ac437d7

Ardila-Duarte, C., Parody-Muñoz, A. E., Castro-Vásquez, L., Acuña-Sarmiento, J., Carmona-Martes, A. L., García-Flórez, E., Castro-Duran, J., & Hurtado-Carmona, D. (2019). Problem-based learning for the development of cross-sectional competences regarding health area programs at a higher education institution in barranquilla, colombia. Revista Cubana de Educacion Medica Superior, 33(1). https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075609660&partnerID=40&md5=ee9d84a25043a679865add7713ad7911

Arifin, Z., Saputro, S., & Kamari, A. (2025). The effect of inquiry-based learning on students’ critical thinking skills in science education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15988

Asad, M., Iqbal, K., & Sabir, M. (2015). Effectiveness Of Problem Based Learning As A Strategy To Foster Problem Solving And Critical Reasoning Skills Among Medical Students. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC, 27(3), 604–607. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84956578518&partnerID=40&md5=38859d6a44eb4d42808ab118dc13a96d

Asfihana, R., Rafiqa, R., Iskandar, I., Rahayu, P. S., & Fuentes, A. S. (2024). THE IMPACT OF VIRTUAL VIDEO PROJECT ON STUDENTS’ ENGLISH LEARNING ENGAGEMENT. LLT Journal: Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 27(2), 613–631. https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v27i2.6483

Ayyad, E. (2022). Re-Evaluating Early Memorization of the Qurʾān in Medieval Muslim Cultures. Religions, 13(2), 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13020179

Badjie, O., & Velankar, Y. (2023). Problem-based Learning: A Catalyst for Teacher and Student Motivation in K-12 Schools. 2023 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment and Learning for Engineering, TALE 2023 - Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/TALE56641.2023.10398301

Baharuddin, B., Nurhayati, S., Azzaoui, B., & Qolamani, K. I. B. (2024). Assessment of Al Qur’an Reading and Writing Program for Islamic Character Development in Higher Education. IJECA (International Journal of Education and Curriculum Application), 7(1), 1–13.

Bazrafcan, L., Takmil, F., & Shokrpour, N. (2018). Assessing the Effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning as a New Approach on Health Care Provider Ethical Reasoning Development in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Health Care Manager, 37(3), 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCM.0000000000000223

Bendermacher, G., Egbrink, M. O., & Dolmans, D. (2023). How realist reviews might be helpful to further insights in problem-based learning. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 17(2 Special issue). https://doi.org/10.14434/ijpbl.v17i2.35636

Bensaid, B., & Machouche, S. ben T. (2017). Memorizing the Words of God: Special Reference to ‘Abdul Rahman Ibn Khaldun (D. 1406 A.D.). Religious Education, 112(4), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2016.1224001

Bessa, B. R., Dos Santos, S. C., & Da Fonseca, L. (2017). Using a virtual learning environment for Problem-Based Learning adoption: A case study at a high school in India. Proceedings - Frontiers in Education Conference, FIE, 2017-Octob, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2017.8190642

Borges, M. C., Chachá, S. G. F., Quintana, S. M., Freitas, L. C. C., & Rodrigues, M. L. V. (2014). Problem-based learning. Medicina (Brazil), 47(3), 301–307. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7262.v47i3p301-307

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Budiyanti, N., Komariah, K. S., Hermawan, W., & Hyangsewu, P. (2024). IMPACT OF THE ULÛ AL-ILM MODEL ON SIX DOMAINS OF STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES IN ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10(1), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v10i1.33225

Chapman, J. D., McNamara, S., Reiss, M. J., & Waghid, Y. (2014). International handbook of learning, teaching and leading in faith-based schools. In International Handbook of Learning, Teaching and Leading in Faith-Based Schools. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8972-1

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.

Das, S., Nandgaonkar, V., Eklarker, R., Balkhande, B. W., & Pande, S. D. (2023). Exploring the dynamics of pbl-based learning: A study on collaboration, reflection, engagement, critical thinking, and student success. In Design and Implementation of Higher Education Learners’ Learning Outcomes (HELLO) (pp. 146–158). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-9472-1.ch009

de Araújo, M. V. P., de Araújo, A. G., & Brito, M. I. D. M. (2018). Constrains and challenges of learning experience with problem based learning: A pilot study in the perception of students of the marketing discipline of the course of administration of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte –UFRN. International Symposium on Project Approaches in Engineering Education, 8, 528–535. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054684760&partnerID=40&md5=861948d72aeb83136680be0976671db0

De Witte, K., & Rogge, N. (2016). Problem-based learning in secondary education: evaluation by an experiment. Education Economics, 24(1), 58–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2014.966061

Elena-Mirela, S., Cristina, T., & Raţă, G. (2015). Approaches to the use of problem-based learning in students majoring in land survey and environmental protection. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM, 3(5), 829–832. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946559945&partnerID=40&md5=4827ed8a65339288d5724c8db195893a

Faisal, M., Za, T., Siswanto, R., & Darojat, J. (2021). The Integration Of Kkni, Snpt, And The Integration-Interconnection Paradigm In Curriculum Development At Ptki. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 9(2), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v9i2.528

Felsenthal, I., & Agbaria, A. (2023). How to Read the Quran in Religious Islamic Education: What Educators Can Learn from the Work of Mohammed Arkoun. Religions, 14(1), 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14010129

Felsenthal, I., & Agbaria, A. (2025). ‘Justice before god’: critical Islamic education based on the work of Tariq Ramadan. British Journal of Religious Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2025.2480655

Fernandes-Osterhold, G. (2022). Diversity and Inclusion in Integral Education: A Teaching Perspective of Integral Psychology. Journal of Transformative Education, 20(1), 24–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/15413446211006646

García-Planas, M. I., Taberna, J., & Domínguez-García, S. (2021). The Problem-Based Learning Through the E-portfolio as a Methodological Basis for the Acquisition of the Transversal Competence of Solidarity and Social Commitment in Mathematics Subjects. In Trends in Mathematics (Vol. 13, pp. 203–210). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76413-5_23

Gregori-Giralt, E., & Menéndez-Varela, J.-L. (2015). The perception of Fine Arts students regarding learning in settings of Problem Based Learning. Revista Mexicana de Investigacion Educativa, 20(65), 481–506. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928109999&partnerID=40&md5=c9ffa78298cdae05fc80b6f5d46b38b2

Harahap, E. (2023). Exploring the Principles and Models of Transformative Islamic Religious Education Learning: Building Spiritual Awareness and Independence of Thought. Al-Murabbi, 1(1), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.62086/al-murabbi.v1i1.427

Harasym, P. H., Tsai, T.-C., & Munshi, F. M. (2013). Is problem-based learning an ideal format for developing ethical decision skills? Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 29(10), 523–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2013.05.005

Haryani, F. Y., Hidayatullah, M. F., & Yusuf, M. (2019). Problem-based learning for teaching Fiqh: An overview of its impact on critical thinking skill. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2194. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5139770

Hashim, R. (2017). The curriculum of Islamic studies and Islamic studies education programs in meeting the challenges of globalization: A case study of selected Malaysian universities. Al-Shajarah, Special Issue, 1–31. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85039922318&partnerID=40&md5=94866e8fe7541cae3698e7cb962cc75a

Hudri, S., & Al Haj Zaini, Z. (2023). Implementation of the Bahtsul Masa’il Method in Improving Ability to Read the Book of Fathul Qorib. Munaddhomah, 4(4), 1008–1018. https://doi.org/10.31538/munaddhomah.v4i4.729

Hung, W., & Amida, A. (2020). Problem-Based Learning in College Science. In Active Learning in College Science: The Case for Evidence-Based Practice (pp. 325–339). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33600-4_21

Imafuku, R. (2012). Japanese first-Year PBL students’ learning processes: A classroom discourse analysis. In Problem-Based Learning in Clinical Education: The Next Generation (pp. 153–170). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2515-7_10

Ismail, K., Shaikh Ali, S. H., & Mohd Sharifuddin, S. (2024). Digitalization in Education and its Impacts in Teaching and Learning. In Lecture Notes in Educational Technology (Vol. 2024, pp. 36–45). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4507-4_4

Isna, R., & Masykuri, M. (2018). Achievement of learning outcome after implemented physical modules based on problem based learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 983(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/983/1/012026

Khatiban, M., Falahan, S. N., Amini, R., Farahanchi, A., & Soltanian, A. (2019). Lecture-based versus problem-based learning in ethics education among nursing students. Nursing Ethics, 26(6), 1753–1764. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733018767246

Khazen, M. (2024). Fostering Decision-Making and Ethics: Problem-Based Learning for Female Tertiary Learners in Israel. European Journal of Educational Research, volume-13-(volume-13-issue-3-july-2024), 1077–1091. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.13.3.1077

Knoblauch, C., & Tamer-Uzun, G. S. (2023). Learning in Encounter: Collaborative and Project-Based Strategies for Learning in Culturally and Religiously Diverse Contexts in the Higher Education Sector. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 767 LNNS, 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41637-8_21

Knöpfel, M., Kalz, M., & Meyer, P. (2024). General Problem-solving Skills Can be Enhanced by Short-time Use of Problem-Based Learning (PBL). Journal of Problem Based Learning in Higher Education, 12(1), 72–91. https://doi.org/10.54337/ojs.jpblhe.v12i1.7871

Lee, Y.-C. (2025). Changes in Learning Outcomes of Students Participating in Problem-Based Learning for the First Time: A Case Study of a Financial Management Course. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 34(1), 511–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-024-00873-y

Lu, J., Bridges, S., & Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2014). Problem-based learning. In The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences, Second Edition (pp. 298–318). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139519526.019

Madhavi, K. B., Mosherani, V., & Anadakumar, A. (2024). Empowering Engineering Ethics: Integrating Project-Based Learning for Holistic Student Development in VLSI Education. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, 38(Special Issue 1), 127–132. https://doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2024/v38is1/24221

Mao, Y. (2021). Moral Values Education is the Core of Moral Education in Colleges and Universities. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 554–556. https://doi.org/10.1145/3452446.3452581

Mesbah, T., Abouzeid, E., Hassan, N., Ghaly, M., & Talaat, W. (2025). Mapping Change: The Effect of Using Concept Mapping on the Students’ Engagement and Performance in Problem-based Learning Tutorials. Health Professions Education, 11(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.55890/2452-3011.1315

Muhamad, A., Khalil, S. A., Basir, S. A., & Norasid, M. A. (2024). Instilling Islamic Values of Environmental Sustainability Through Experiential Learning: A Case Study of Revealed Knowledge and Natural Phenomena’s Students. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, 39(2), 219–248. https://doi.org/10.21315/apjee2024.39.2.12

Muhd Darus, N., Mohd, H., Baharom, F., Ali Saip, M., Puteh, N., At Matt, Z. M., Husain, M. Z., & Yasin, A. (2016). Best practices of problem-based learning implementation for IT courses from students perspectives. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 8(8), 139–143. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85011422078&partnerID=40&md5=eae2b1ccf788b60b1068b3e46dbcbfb8

Musa, S., & Nurhayati, S. (2021). Analysis of counting learning difficulties in illiterate adults. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2331(1), 020033. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0041739

Mustari, M., & Nurhayati, S. (2024). Multifaceted Instructional Leadership of School Principals to Improve Student Character in The Digital Era. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 8(2), 488. https://doi.org/10.35723/ajie.v8i2.459

Naik, S. M., Bandi, S., & Reddy, C. L. (2024). Enhancing Engineering Education: Exploring the Impact of Problem-Based Learning on Freshman Students’ Skills and Engagement – A Case Study. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, 38(Special Issue 1), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2024/v38is1/24222

Nawi, A., & Zakaria, G. A. N. (2019). The impact of applying religious values through online problem-based learning among undergraduate students: A quasi-experimental study. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 18(8), 192–213. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18.8.12

Nemakhavhani, R. B. (2024). Enhancing Student Engagement Through Problem-Based Learning: A Case of the Built Environment. Proceedings of the International Conference on Education Research, ICER 2024, 247–254. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85216068550&partnerID=40&md5=107382ffbf3453b1c17e2da8a7bc5b24

Nugraha, T. C., Abdel Rahim, E.-S. E.-S. A., & Lukman, F. (2024). Integrating Problem-Based And Flipped Learning In Islamic Religious Education: A Pathway To Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v10i1.35204

Nurhayati, S. (2024). Digital literacy in adult continuing education: implementation, best practices, and emerging trends. Novateur Publications, 1(1), 9–18. https://novateurpublication.org/index.php/np/article/view/237

Nurhayati, S., Fitri, A., Amir, R., & Zalisman, Z. (2024). Analysis of the Implementation of Training on Digital-based Learning Media to Enhance Teachers’ Digital Literacy. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 16(1), 545–557. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v16i1.4029

Nurhayati, S., & Parhan, M. (2024). A Complete Approach in Implementing Islamic Early Childhood Character Education at the Pandemic Covid 19 Era. Naturalistic: Jurnal Kajian Dan Penelitian Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 9(1), 541–549.

O’Brien, R., McGarr, O., & Lynch, R. (2022). Students’ perceptions of lecturer power and authority in a higher education PBL business programme. Teaching in Higher Education, 27(5), 615–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2020.1725881

Omar, M. T. M. (2022). The Effectiveness of the Problem-Solving Strategy in Enhancing the Academic Achievement of Islamic Studies Students at a Saudi College. Journal of Education and E-Learning Research, 9(3), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.20448/jeelr.v9i3.4101

Papakostas, C. (2024). Faith in Frames: Constructing a Digital Game‐Based Learning Framework for Religious Education. Teaching Theology & Religion, 27(4), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/teth.12685

Parhan, M., Syahidin, S., Somad, M. A., Abdulah, M., & Nugraha, R. H. (2024). Developing a Contextual Learning Model in Islamic Education to Improve Applicable Knowledge and Foster Knowledge-Based Virtues. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v10i1.35205

Plaza-Angulo, J. J., & López-Toro, A. A. (2025). Problem-Based Learning: Advantages and Disadvantages Perceived by Students. Revista Colombiana de Educacion, 96. https://doi.org/10.17227/rce.num96-19777

Plummer, K., Taeger, S., & Burton, M. (2020). Decision-based learning in religious education. Teaching Theology and Religion, 23(2), 110–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/teth.12538

Ratnawulan, S., Nurhayati, S., Taufikin, Lotfi, F. Z., & Olugbade, D. (2025). Leveraging Digital Technology to Strengthen Adult Education and Engagement in Islamic Study Group (Majlis Ta’lim). Journal of Education Research, 6(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.37985/jer.v6i1.2280

Razali, R., Sundana, L., & Ramli, R. (2024). Curriculum Development in Higher Education in Light of Culture and Religiosity: A Case Study in Aceh of Indonesia. International Journal of Society, Culture and Language, 12(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijscl.2023.2010108.3144

Rohman, F. (2022). Problem Based Learning in Islamic Religious Education: The Case of the Indonesian Pesantren. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 12(1), 82–97. https://doi.org/10.7187/GJAT072022-5

Saavedra, A. R., & Rapaport, A. (2024). Key lessons from research about project-based teaching and learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 105(5), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/00317217241230780

Safitri, Y., & Nurhayati, S. (2023). Sex education using problem-based learning approach: an effort to raise adolescent awareness of the dangers of promiscuity. Jurnal Simki Pedagogia, 6(2), 279–286.

Sakir, N. A. I., & Kim, J. G. (2020). Enhancing Students’ Learning Activity and Outcomes via Implementation of Problem-based Learning. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(12). https://doi.org/10.29333/EJMSTE/9344

Salvador, R., Barros, M. V, Barreto, B., Pontes, J., Yoshino, R. T., Piekarski, C. M., & de Francisco, A. C. (2023). Challenges and opportunities for problem-based learning in higher education: Lessons from a cross-program Industry 4.0 case. Industry and Higher Education, 37(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222221100343

Santos Meneses, L. F. (2020). Critical thinking perspectives across contexts and curricula: Dominant, neglected, and complementing dimensions. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2019.100610

Savin-Baden, M. (2016). The impact of transdisciplinary threshold concepts on student engagement in problem-based learning: A conceptual synthesis. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1588

Shimizu, I., Matsuyama, Y., Duvivier, R., & van der Vleuten, C. (2021). Contextual attributes to promote positive social interdependence in problem-based learning: a focus group study. BMC Medical Education, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02667-y

Sholeh, M. I., Haris, M., ‘azah, N., Shobirin, M. S., Wahruddin, B., Muzakki, H., Ismail, T., & Ali, H. (2024). The Role of Teachers in Increasing Students’ Learning Motivation in Islamic Religious Education. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 21(2), 421–441. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpai.v21i2.8846

Storey, V. A., & Schiavo, M. A. (2013). Redefining the higher education landscape through problem-based learning. In Handbook of Research on Teaching and Learning in K-20 Education (pp. 517–534). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4249-2.ch030

Suyitno, S., & Chotimah, C. (2025). Guided Inquiry vs. Conventional Methods: Shaping Learning Outcomes in Islamic Religious Education. International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope, 6(1), 552–559. https://doi.org/10.47857/irjms.2025.v06i01.02275

Taesotikul, T., Chinpaisal, C., & Nawanopparatsakul, S. (2021). Kahoot! gamification improves learning outcomes in problem-based learning classroom. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1145/3468978.3468999

Tiarawati, P. V., Nurhayati, S., Hidayah, S. N., & Boriboon, G. (2023). Blended Learning Approach Implementation to Improve Adults’ Tahsin Ability in the Digital Era. Cendekia: Jurnal Kependidikan Dan Kemasyarakatan, 21(2), 180–196. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/cendekia.v21i2.7111

Tongpaeng, Y., & Thongsibsong, N. (2013). Enhancement of multimedia education through practical rural development project: The case study of Royal Project Sa Ngo. 13th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies: Communication and Information Technology for New Life Style Beyond the Cloud, ISCIT 2013, 776–780. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCIT.2013.6645960

Ulfat, F. (2020). Empirical research: Challenges and impulses for Islamic religious education. British Journal of Religious Education, 42(4), 415–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2020.1711513

Wahab, R. B. H. A., Ahmad, S. B., & Owoyemi, M. Y. (2019). The impact of religious education subjects on the formation of muslim girls’ identity: A comparative study of girls’ secondary school in Kedah, Malaysia and Leeds, Britain. Journal of Social Sciences Research, 5(3), 665–675. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.53.665.675

Wang, V. C. X., & Cranton, P. (2016). Transformative learning and technology in adult and vocational education. In Exploring the New Era of Technology-Infused Education (pp. 34–48). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1709-2.ch003

Widyawati, E., & Nurhayati, S. (2023). Practical Implementation Strategies of Tartila Method for Improving Early Childhood’s Al Qur’an Reading Literacy. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 7(6), 6687–6699.

Wu, W.-C. V., Lee, Y.-T. E., Yang, J. C., Debataraja, S. M., & CHEN Hsiehd, J. S. (2018). Adopting a PBL approach to empower EFL learners. ICCE 2018 - 26th International Conference on Computers in Education, Workshop Proceedings, 644–647. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060018263&partnerID=40&md5=e5afc123bde2241ee7fe9161cd0d215f

Yani, M. T., Hazin, M., & Hanafi, Y. (2023). Educational Experience Insertion Model Of Religious Moderation And National Defence As Efforts To Prevent Radicalism And Communism Via Islamic Religious Education Instructions. Artseduca, 2023(36), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.6035/artseduca.3610

Yew, E. H. J., & Goh, K. (2016). Problem-Based Learning: An Overview of its Process and Impact on Learning. Health Professions Education, 2(2), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2016.01.004

Zhao, W., Li, X., & Chen, Z. (2024). Research on PBL Teaching in Engineering Graphics from the Perspective of Constructivist Theory. In Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies (Vol. 216, pp. 244–250). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71225-8_22