Abstract

Conclusion. As an educational facilitator, Copilot helped improve students' vocabulary. Although the study's results emphasize the advantages of Copilot AI in the learning process, further studies could examine students with varying proficiency levels and other subskills, such as speaking, reading, and writing. Additionally, qualitative studies could give a clear picture of students' satisfaction in using AI tools as learning facilitators.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, learning opportunities and empowerment, Copilot AI, vocabulary learning

Abril, B. V. D., Carlosama, K. M. D., & Pachay, J. F. Z. (2025). Exploring the effect of ChatGPT as an educational tool to improve vocabulary acquisition in the English Language. Latin Science Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal, 9(1), 4874–4886. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v9i1.16190

Al Ghaithi, A., Behforouz, B., & Isyaku, H. (2024). The effect of using a WhatsApp bot on English vocabulary learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 25(2), 208–227. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1297285

Altyari, A. W. (2017). English vocabulary uptake among Saudi Arabic-speaking students in public schools. British Journal of English Linguistics, 5(1), 10–16.

Behforouz, B., & Ghaithi, A. A. (2024). Investigating the effect of an interactive educational chatbot on reading comprehension skills. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP), 14(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v14i4.48461 

Chen, H.-L., Vicki Widarso, G., & Sutrisno, H. (2020). A chatbot for learning Chinese: Learning achievement and technology acceptance. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(6), 1161–1189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633120929622

Chen, Y., Jensen, S., Albert, L. J., Gupta, S., & Lee, T. (2023). Artificial intelligence (AI) student assistants in the classroom: Designing chatbots to support student success. Information Systems Frontiers, 25(1), 161–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10291-4

Chen, Z., Jia, J., & Li, W. (2021). Learning curriculum vocabulary through mobile learning: Impact on vocabulary gains and automaticity. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 15(2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2021.114518

Clarizia, F., Colace, F., Lombardi, M., Pascale, F., & Santaniello, D. (2018). Chatbot: An education support system for students. Cyberspace Safety and Security: 10th International Symposium, CSS 2018, Amalfi, Italy, October 29-31, 2018, Proceedings 10, 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01689-0_23

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7

Dekker, I., De Jong, E. M., Schippers, M. C., De Bruijn-Smolders, M., Alexiou, A., & Giesbers, B. (2020). Optimizing students' mental health and academic performance: AI-enhanced life crafting. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1063. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01063

Durall, E., & Kapros, E. (2020). Co-design for a competency Self-assessment chatbot and survey in science education. Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Human and Technology Ecosystems, 13–24.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50506-6_2

Dwivedi, Y. k., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. louise, Jeyaraj, A., Kar, A. kumar, Baabdullah, A. m., Koohang, A., Raghavan, V., Ahuja, M., Albanna, H., Albashrawi, M. ahmad, Al-Busaidi, A. s., Balakrishnan, J., Barlette, Y., Basu, S., Bose, I., Brooks, L., Buhalis, D., … Wright, R. (2023). "So what if ChatGPT wrote it?" Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges, and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice, and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642

Fryer, L., & Carpenter, R. (2006). Bots as language learning tools. Language Learning and Technology, 10(3), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/44068

Gonda, D. E., Luo, J., Wong, Y. L., & Lei, C. U. (2018). Evaluation of developing educational chatbots based on the seven principles for good teaching. IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE), 446–453. https://doi.org/10.1109/TALE.2018.8615175

Gu, P. Y. (2003). Vocabulary learning in a second language: Person, task, context and strategies. Tesl-Ej, 7(2), 1–25.

Han, S., & Lee, M. K. (2022). FAQ chatbot and inclusive learning in massive open online courses. Computers and Education. Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104395

Hao, T., Wang, Z., & Ardasheva, Y. (2021). Technology-assisted vocabulary learning for EFL Learners: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 14(3), 645–667. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2021.1917028

Haristiani, N., Danuwijaya, A. A., Mumu Muhammad, R., & Sarila, H. (2019). Gengobot: A chatbot-based grammar application on mobile instant messaging as language learning medium. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 14(6), 3158–3173.

Healey, J. (2020). Artificial Intelligence. The Spinney Press.

Hutauruk, B. S., Purba, R., Sihombing, S., & Nainggolan, M. (2024). The effectiveness of artificial intelligence by chatbot in enhancing the students' vocabulary. JETAL: Journal of English Teaching & Applied Linguistic, 6(1), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.36655/jetal.v6i1.1610

Hwang, G.-J., Xie, H., Wah, B. W., & Gašević, D. (2020). Vision, challenges, roles and research issues of Artificial Intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 100001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100001

Jia, F., Sun, D., Ma, Q., & Looi, C. K. (2022). Developing an AI-based learning system for L2 learners' authentic and ubiquitous learning in English language. Sustainability, 14(23), 15527. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315527

Khalil, M., Amreen, S., & Ather, F. (2025). Exploring the role of AI chatbots in enhancing English grammar and vocabulary acquisition: a study of learning dynamics, user engagement, and linguistic development. Journal of Applied Linguistics and TESOL (JALT), 8(1), 801–812.

Khan, I. A. (2011). Learning difficulties in English: Diagnosis and pedagogy in Saudi Arabia. Educational Research, 2(7), 1248–1257.

Kim, N. Y. (2020). Chatbots and language learning: Effects of the use of AI chatbots for EFL learning. Chisinau, Moldova: Eliva Press.

Laufer, B., & Hulstijn, J. (2001). Incidental vocabulary acquisition in a second language: The construct of task-induced involvement. Applied Linguistics, 22(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/22.1.1

Lin, J.-J., & Lin, H. (2019). Mobile-assisted ESL/EFL vocabulary learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(8), 878–919. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2018.1541359

Liu, Q., Huang, J., Wu, L., Zhu, K., & Ba, S. (2019). CBET: design and evaluation of a domain-specific chatbot for mobile learning. Universal Access in the Information Society, 19, 655-673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-019-00666-x

Mendoza, S., Hernández-León, M., Sánchez-Adame, L. M., Rodríguez, J., Decouchant, D., & Meneses-Viveros, A. (2020). Supporting student-teacher interaction through a chatbot. In P. Zaphiris & A. Ioannou (Eds.), Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Human and Technology Ecosystems. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 93-107), vol. 12206. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50506-6_8

Mohd Amin, M. R., Ismail, I., & Sivakumaran, V. M. (2025). Revolutionizing education with artificial intelligence (AI)? challenges, and implications for open and distance learning (ODL). Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101308

Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge university press Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139524759

Oke, A., & Fernandes, F. A. P. (2020). Innovations in teaching and learning: Exploring the perceptions of the education sector on the 4th industrial revolution (4IR). Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(2), 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6020031

Oktadela, R., Elida, Y., & Ismail, S. (2023). Improving English vocabulary through artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot application. Journal of English Language and Education, 8(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.31004/jele.v8i2.308

Paivio, A. (1990). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195066661.001.0001

Perez, J. Q., Daradoumis, T., & Puig, J. M. M. (2020). Rediscovering the use of chatbots in education: A systematic literature review. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 28(6), 1549-1565. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22326

Qasem, F., Ghaleb, M., Mahdi, H. S., Al Khateeb, A., & Al Fadda, H. (2023). Dialog chatbot as an interactive online tool in enhancing ESP vocabulary learning. Saudi Journal of Language Studies, 3(2), 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1108/SJLS-10-2022-0072

Röhrig, C., & Heß, D. (2019). OmniMan: A Mobile Assistive Robot for Intralogistics Applications. Engineering Letters, 27(4), 1-8.

Romadhon, R. (2025). Replika AI chatbot as a tool for enhancing ESP business vocabulary acquisition: A study on polytechnic students. SALEE: Study of Applied Linguistics and English Education, 6(1), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.35961/salee.v6i1.1671

Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in language teaching. Cambridge University Press.

Schmulian, A., & Coetzee, S. A. (2019). The development of Messenger bots for teaching and learning, and the accounting students' experience of using them. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(5), 2751-2777. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12723

Shadiev, R., Wu, T.-T., & Huang, Y.-M. (2020). Using image-to-text recognition technology to facilitate vocabulary acquisition in authentic contexts. ReCALL, 32(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344020000038

Silitonga, L. M., Wiyaka, W., & Prastikawati, E. F. (2024). Boosting students' ESP vocabulary by utilizing ai chatbot. ETERNAL (English Teaching Journal), 15(2), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.26877/eternal.v15i2.605

Sinha, S., Basak, S., Dey, Y., & Mondal, A. (2020). An Educational chatbot for answering queries. Emerging Technology in Modelling and Graphics Proceedings of IEM Graph 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7403-6_7

Susanto, A. (2016). How English learner succeeded in difficult circumstances. UNSIKA  Education Journal, 4(2). https://journal.unsika.ac.id/judika/article/view/383

Susanto, A. (2017). The teaching of vocabulary: A perspective. Word Journal, 1(2), 183. https://doi.org/10.22216/jk.v1i2.2136

Tellier, M. (2008). The effect of gestures on second language memorization by young children. Gesture, 8(2), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1075/gest.8.2.06tel

Tsai, Y.-L., & Tsai, C.-C. (2018). Digital game-based second-language vocabulary learning and conditions of research designs: A meta-analysis study. Computers & Education, 125, 345–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.06.020

Tu, Y., Zou, D., & Zhang, R. (2020). A comprehensive framework for designing and evaluating vocabulary learning apps from multiple perspectives. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 14(3), 370. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2020.108199

Verleger, M., & Pembridge, J. (2019). A pilot study integrating an AI-driven chatbot in an introductory programming course. IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2018.8659282

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman, Eds.). Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjf9vz4

Waziana, W., Andewi, W., Hastomo, T., & Hasbi, M. (2024). Students' perceptions about the impact of AI chatbots on their vocabulary and grammar in EFL writing. Register Journal, 17(2), 352–382. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v17i2.352-382

Yang, H., Kim, H., Lee, J. H., & Shin, D. (2022). Implementation of an AI chatbot as an English conversation partner in EFL speaking classes. ReCALL, 34(3), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344022000039

Yanguas, I. (2010). Oral computer-mediated interaction between L2 learners: It's about time! Language Learning & Technology, 14(3), 72-93. https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/44227

Yin, J., Goh, T. T., Yang, B., & Xiaobin, Y. (2021). Conversation technology with micro-learning: The impact of chatbot-based learning on students' learning motivation and performance. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 59(1), 154-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633120952067

Zhang, Z., & Huang, X. (2024). The impact of chatbots based on large language models on second language vocabulary acquisition. Heliyon, 10(3), e25370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25370